scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Journal ArticleDOI

The Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys Stål.) Influences Pungent and Non-Pungent Capsicum Cultivars’ Pre- and Post-Harvest Quality

08 Nov 2021-Agronomy (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)-Vol. 11, Iss: 11, pp 2252
TL;DR: In this paper, the intensity of the metabolic response of infested peppers, how pungent and non-pungent peppers react to the infestation, and how the H. halys affects the post-harvest quality of both cultivars.
Abstract: Halyomorpha halys is an important invasive pest that causes severe damage to fruits and vegetables. Peppers are susceptible to infestation by H. halys, resulting in yield losses. Plants respond to the insect infestation with a metabolic response. With this study, we attempted to determine the intensity of the metabolic response of infested peppers, how pungent and non-pungent peppers react to the infestation, and how the H. halys affects the post-harvest quality of both cultivars. The shelf life of the infested peppers did not change compared to the control treatments. We observed a drastic decrease in metabolite levels after storage in all three treatments in both cultivars, especially capsaicinoids, with an approximate decrease of 30% in the pericarp and 95% in the placenta of the pungent ‘Eris F1’. In some cases, the accumulation of metabolites was not limited to the fruit exposed to the H. halys infestation, but to the entire plant. We observed a 15-fold increase in capsaicinoid content in the infested fruits of cultivar ‘Eris F1’ and a 4-fold increase in the pericarp of cultivar ‘Lombardo tago’, which could lead to a possible further study on the defensive function of capsaicinoids and their use against H. halys.
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
27 Apr 2022-Biology
TL;DR: Improved methods for enzymatic determination gained new insights into the responses of chilies to biostimulant amino acids and increased total and individual capsaicinoids after 48 h in the chili placenta and pericarp.
Abstract: Simple Summary Very little is known about how biostimulants such as amino acids affect the enzymatic activity of peppers. The three crucial enzymes for the synthesis and degradation of capsaicinoids were studied in a 72 h time course. The activity of the two crucial enzymes for the synthesis of capsaicinoids increased in the first hour after foliar application and then gradually decreased to the baseline activity. Placenta exhibited higher enzyme activity and capsaicinoid content. Since capsaicinoids are widely consumed by humans, the use of various natural substances called biostimulants could improve the overall quality of peppers, which would mean high-yield and high-quality fruits. Abstract Biostimulants are widely used in agriculture because they can improve fruit quality and quantity. Less is known about how biostimulants act over time in plants, in our case peppers, and how they affect the enzyme activity of important enzymes for capsaicinoid synthesis. The biostimulatory effects of amino acids on the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), capsaicin synthase (CS), and peroxidase (POX) were investigated in the pericarp and placenta of the chili pepper Capsicum baccatum L. cv. “Bishop Crown” over 72 h of application. The PAL and CS activities significantly increased in the placenta after 1 h of biostimulant application, with significant increases of 130% and 16%, respectively. The POX activity remained unchanged over the full 72 h in the placenta but significantly increased after 48 h in the pericarp (+53%). Total capsaicinoids increased in the first hour of biostimulant application, by 4.30 g/kg FW in the placenta (19%) and by 0.94 g/kg FW in the pericarp (+56%). Biostimulant application also increased total and individual capsaicinoids after 48 h in the chili placenta and pericarp. With improved methods for enzymatic determination, we gained new insights into the responses of chilies to biostimulant amino acids.

5 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
28 Jul 2022-Foods
TL;DR: The content of phenols and capsaicinoids in chili olive oil was determined using chili flakes and whole chilies in a detailed study as mentioned in this paper , and the results showed that 99.8% of the phenols in Chili olive oil were secoiridoids, with elenolic acid, oleuropein aglycones, and ligostride aglyconses being the most abundant.
Abstract: Chili olive oil is a popular addition to various foods in many countries. In a detailed study, the content of phenols and capsaicinoids in chili olive oil was determined using chili flakes and whole chilies. A total of 99.8% of the phenols in chili olive oil were secoiridoids, with elenolic acid, oleuropein aglycones, and ligostride aglycones being the most abundant. Chili olive oil with chili flakes contained higher levels of capsaicinoids (+21.6%) compared to whole chili olive oil. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin accounted for about 95% of all capsaicinoids in the chili olive oil. The extraction rate of dry “Cayenne” chili was 7.1% in whole chili olive oil and 9% in chili olive oil with flakes, confirming that chili flakes are better extracted in olive oil. With the determination of 29 individual phenols and five individual capsaicinoids, the study provided a detailed insight into the secondary metabolites of chili olive oil and confirmed that it is a health source.

1 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , Paraffin sectioning and transcriptome and metabolome analyses were performed to explore the changes in tissue structure, gene expression, and metabolic processes in walnut after infection with P. capsici.
Abstract: Phomopsis capsici (P. capsici) causes branch blight of walnuts, which leads to significant economic loss. The molecular mechanism behind the response of walnuts remains unknown. Paraffin sectioning and transcriptome and metabolome analyses were performed to explore the changes in tissue structure, gene expression, and metabolic processes in walnut after infection with P. capsici. We found that P. capsici caused serious damage to xylem vessels during the infestation of walnut branches, destroying the structure and function of the vessels and creating obstacles to the transport of nutrients and water to the branches. The transcriptome results showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly annotated in carbon metabolism and ribosomes. Further metabolome analyses verified the specific induction of carbohydrate and amino acid biosynthesis by P. capsici. Finally, association analysis was performed for DEGs and differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs), which focused on the synthesis and metabolic pathways of amino acids, carbon metabolism, and secondary metabolites and cofactors. Three significant metabolites were identified: succinic semialdehyde acid, fumaric acid, and phosphoenolpyruvic acid. In conclusion, this study provides data reference on the pathogenesis of walnut branch blight and direction for breeding walnut to enhance its disease resistance.

1 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
15 Sep 2022-Agronomy
TL;DR: In this article , the authors investigated the impact of H. halys infestation on the phenolic response and olive fruit quality in the pierced tissue of damaged fruits and in the non-pierced part of damaged parts of the damaged fruits of the Istrska belica and Pendolino cultivars.
Abstract: Olives ripen in the late autumn and represent a good source of nutrients that Halyomorpha halys uses to prepare for diapause. This is the first study to investigate the impact of H. halys infestation on the phenolic response and olive fruit quality in the pierced tissue of damaged fruits and in the non-pierced part of damaged fruits of ‘Istrska belica’ and ‘Pendolino’ cultivars. Both total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity contents significantly increased in the infested fruits of the cultivar ‘Istrska belica’. Total phenolic content in the pierced tissue of damaged fruits increased by 10.7%, while the content of AC in the non-pierced tissue of damaged fruits increased by 7.11% and in the pierced tissue of damaged fruits by 6.1% compared to control. A total of 44 individual phenolic compounds were identified, 21 of them increased in at least one cultivar after infestation. Huge increases in phenolic content were observed in both cultivars, particularly for flavones, secoiridoids, anthocyanins, and flavonols in the pierced tissue of damaged fruits. The most responsive individual phenolic compound in both cultivars was oleuropein. Its content in the pierced tissue of damaged fruits increased by 44.7% in the cultivar ‘Pendolino’ and for 82.6% in the cultivar ‘Istrska belica’.
References
More filters
Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: Aggregate analysis of this type is an important supplement to and often more informative than reems of data difficult to summarize from various techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) that separate a large number of individual compounds.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Analyses of the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) type are convenient, simple, and require only common equipment and have produced a large body of comparable data. Under proper conditions, the assay is inclusive of monophenols and gives predictable reactions with the types of phenols found in nature. Because different phenols react to different degrees, expression of the results as a single number—such as milligrams per liter gallic acid equivalence—is necessarily arbitrary. Because the reaction is independent, quantitative, and predictable, analysis of a mixture of phenols can be recalculated in terms of any other standard. The assay measures all compounds readily oxidizable under the reaction conditions and its very inclusiveness allows certain substances to also react that are either not phenols or seldom thought of as phenols (e.g., proteins). Judicious use of the assay—with consideration of potential interferences in particular samples and prior study if necessary—can lead to very informative results. Aggregate analysis of this type is an important supplement to and often more informative than reems of data difficult to summarize from various techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) that separate a large number of individual compounds .The predictable reaction of components in a mixture makes it possible to determine a single reactant by other means and to calculate its contribution to the total FC phenol content. Relative insensitivity of the FC analysis to many adsorbents and precipitants makes differential assay—before and after several different treatments—informative.

14,046 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: By understanding the mechanisms of induced resistance, this work can predict the herbivores that are likely to be affected by induced responses and could be exploited as an important tool for the pest management to minimize the amounts of insecticides used for pest control.
Abstract: Plants respond to herbivory through various morphological, biochemicals, and molecular mechanisms to counter/offset the effects of herbivore attack. The biochemical mechanisms of defense against the herbivores are wide-ranging, highly dynamic, and are mediated both by direct and indirect defenses. The defensive compounds are either produced constitutively or in response to plant damage, and affect feeding, growth, and survival of herbivores. In addition, plants also release volatile organic compounds that attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. These strategies either act independently or in conjunction with each other. However, our understanding of these defensive mechanisms is still limited. Induced resistance could be exploited as an important tool for the pest management to minimize the amounts of insecticides used for pest control. Host plant resistance to insects, particularly, induced resistance, can also be manipulated with the use of chemical elicitors of secondary metabolites, which confer resistance to insects. By understanding the mechanisms of induced resistance, we can predict the herbivores that are likely to be affected by induced responses. The elicitors of induced responses can be sprayed on crop plants to build up the natural defense system against damage caused by herbivores. The induced responses can also be engineered genetically, so that the defensive compounds are constitutively produced in plants against are challenged by the herbivory. Induced resistance can be exploited for developing crop cultivars, which readily produce the inducible response upon mild infestation, and can act as one of components of integrated pest management for sustainable crop production.

1,296 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review summarizes the current knowledge on the functions of flavonoids in the physiology of plants and their relations with the environment.
Abstract: Flavonoids are small molecular secondary metabolites synthesized by plants with various biological activities. Due to their physical and biochemical properties, they are capable of participating in plants' interactions with other organisms (microorganisms, animals and other plants) and their reactions to environmental stresses. The majority of their functions result from their strong antioxidative properties. Although an increasing number of studies focus on the application of flavonoids in medicine or the food industry, their relevance for the plants themselves also deserves extensive investigations. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the functions of flavonoids in the physiology of plants and their relations with the environment.

772 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review is made of capsaicin research focusing mainly on its production, synthesis, characterization and pharmacology, including some of its main potential clinical uses in humans.
Abstract: Capsaicin is a unique alkaloid found primarily in the fruit of the Capsicum genus and is what provides its spicy flavor. Generally extracted directly from fruit, high demand has driven the use of established methods to increase production through extraction and characterization. Over time these methods have improved, usually be applying existing techniques in conjunction. An increasingly wide range of potential applications has increased interest in capsaicin. Especially compelling are the promising results of medical studies showing possible beneficial effects in many diseases. Capsaicin's pungency has limited its use in clinical trials to support its biological activity. Characterization and extraction/ synthesis of non-pungent analogues is in progress. A review is made of capsaicin research focusing mainly on its production, synthesis, characterization and pharmacology, including some of its main potential clinical uses in humans.

343 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Pesticide applications, including broad-spectrum insecticides, have increased in response to H. halys infestations, potentially negatively influencing populations of beneficial arthropods and increasing secondary pest outbreaks.
Abstract: Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys Stal, is an invasive, herbivorous insect species that was accidentally introduced to the United States from Asia. First discovered in Allentown, PA, in 1996, H. halys has now been reported from at least 40 states in the United States. Additional invasions have been detected in Canada, Switzerland, France, Germany, Italy, and Lichtenstein, suggesting this invasive species could emerge as a cosmopolitan pest species. In its native range, H. halys is classified as an outbreak pest; however, in North America, H. halys has become a major agricultural pest across a wide range of commodities. H. halys is a generalist herbivore, capable of consuming >100 different species of host plants, often resulting in substantial economic damage; its feeding damage resulted in US$37 million of losses in apple in 2010, but this stink bug species also attacks other fruit, vegetable, field crop, and ornamental plant species. H. halys has disrupted integrated pest management programs for multiple cropping systems. Pesticide applications, including broad-spectrum insecticides, have increased in response to H. halys infestations, potentially negatively influencing populations of beneficial arthropods and increasing secondary pest outbreaks. H. halys is also challenging because it affects homeowners as a nuisance pest; the bug tends to overwinter in homes and outbuildings. Although more research is required to better understand the ecology and biology of H. halys , we present its life history, host plant damage, and the management options available for this invasive pest species.

326 citations