The Burial and Scouring of Ground Mines on a Sand Bottom.
23 Sep 1958-
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present information derived from a study of scour and other environmental processes affecting a mine or other foreign object placed on a sand bottom and emphasize the extent and rate of the scour process.
Abstract: : This report presents information derived from a study of scour and other environmental processes affecting a mine or other foreign object placed on a sand bottom. Because scour plays an important role in mine burial, the extent and rate of the scour process were emphasized in the study. Special attention was given to the variation of scour with water depth; scour relationship to bottom currents; the effect of object shape on scour development; the movement, if any, of objects placed on the sea floor; and the function of sediment grain size within the range commonly classified as sand in the Wentworth scale of sediment sizes (median diameters 0.062 mm to 2.000 mm).
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01 Jul 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, a compilation was prepared for the Dudley Knox Library, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, which is dedicated to the work of the author and his colleagues.
Abstract: This compilation was prepared for the Dudley Knox Library, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA
101 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the results of a series of laboratory experiments aimed at better understanding the dynamics of sand ripples formed in a wave-induced oscillatory flow and the influence of sand ripple on the behavior of solid objects.
49 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a process-based, numerical, hydrodynamic vortex lattice mine scour/burial model (VORTEX) is presented that simulates scour and burial of objects of arbitrary shape resting on a granular bed in the nearshore.
Abstract: A process-based, numerical, hydrodynamic vortex lattice mine scour/burial model (VORTEX) is presented that simulates scour and burial of objects of arbitrary shape resting on a granular bed in the nearshore. There are two domains in the model formulation: a far-field where burial and exposure occur due to changes in the elevation of the seabed and a near-field involving scour and transport of sediment by the vortices shed from the object. The far-field burial mechanisms are based on changes in the equilibrium bottom profiles in response to seasonal changes in wave climate and accretion/erosion waves spawned by fluxes of sediment into the littoral cell. The near-field domain consists of one grid cell extracted from the far-field that is subdivided into a rectangular lattice of panels having sufficient resolution to define the shape of the object. The vortex field induced by the object is constructed from an assemblage of horseshoe vortices excited by local pressure gradients and shear over the lattice panels. The horseshoe vortices of each lattice panel release a pair of vortex filaments into the neighboring flow. The induced velocity of these trailing vortex filaments causes scour of the neighboring seabed and induces hydrodynamic forces on the object. Scour around the object and its subsequent movement into the scour depression contribute to burial, while far-field changes in local sand level may increase burial depth or expose the object. Scour and burial predictions of mines and mine-like objects were tested in field experiments conducted in the nearshore waters off the Pacific coast of California at Scripps Pier, the Gulf Coast of Florida at Indian Rocks, and off the Atlantic coast of Massachusetts at Martha's Vineyard. Model predictions of mine scour and burial are in reasonable agreement with field measurements and underwater photographs.
42 citations
Cites background from "The Burial and Scouring of Ground M..."
...Naval Electronics Laboratory [13], and Narragansett Marine Laboratory [14]—[ 16]....
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...A number of studies were carried out in the 1950s following World War II; e.g., Scripps Institution of Oceanography [11], Chesapeake Bay Institute [12], the U.S. Naval Electronics Laboratory [13], and Narragansett Marine Laboratory [14]–[16]....
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01 Sep 2002
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a primer for fleet use as a means of rapid access to information on scour, burial, and re-exposure of bottom mines placed in nearshore waters.
Abstract: This primer is for fleet use as a means of rapid access to information on scour, burial, and re-exposure of bottom mines placed in nearshore waters. The format is easily adapted to a computer slide show where sequential illustrations such as progressive mine scour and burial could be in animated form. The illustrations detail mechanisms and burial rates characteristic of coastal and sediment type. The primer also addresses the ranges of uncertainty in mine burial estimates by showing burial dependence on mine characteristics and environmental factors. By providing both burial rate estimates and the probable error of those estimates, this primer facilitates tactical use and planning, particularly in areas of denied access. The emphasis here is on field experiments of the scour and burial of bottom mines in shallow and very shallow water (3 m - 61 m) and their comparison with simulations from computer models. However, the complexity of mine warfare and mine use makes it necessary to briefly discuss categories of mines, their basic components, and their means of delivery and planting. The reader is advised to consult the references for detailed information on these related topics. We understand that other studies of bottom mine burial have been made. Here, we report on those studies that have been declassified and made available to us.
24 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic architecture of a 3D coastal evolution model developed under funding from the Kavli Institute is described, which consists of a Littoral Cell Model (LCM) and a Bedrock Cutting Model (BCM), both coupled and operating in varying time and space domains determined by sea level and the coastal boundaries of the littoral cell at that particular sea level.
Abstract: Here, we describe the basic architecture of a 3-dimensional coastal evolution model developed under funding from the Kavli Institute. The Coastal Evolution Model (CEM) is a process-based numerical model. It consists of a Littoral Cell Model (LCM) and a Bedrock Cutting Model (BCM), both coupled and operating in varying time and space domains determined by sea level and the coastal boundaries of the littoral cell at that particular sea level and time. At any given sea level and time, the LCM accounts for erosion of uplands by rainfall and the transport of mobile sediment along the coast by waves and currents, while the BCM accounts for the cutting of bedrock by wave action in the absence of a sedimentary cover. During stillstands in sea level, the combined effect of bottom erosion under breaking waves and cliffing by wave runup carves the distinctive notch in the shelf rock known as a wave-cut terrace.
7 citations