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The cerebellum and neural control
01 Jun 1984-
About: The article was published on 1984-06-01 and is currently open access. It has received 2507 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Neural ensemble.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the organization of networks in the human cerebrum was explored using resting-state functional connectivity MRI data from 1,000 subjects and a clustering approach was employed to identify and replicate networks of functionally coupled regions across the cerebral cortex.
Abstract: Information processing in the cerebral cortex involves interactions among distributed areas. Anatomical connectivity suggests that certain areas form local hierarchical relations such as within the visual system. Other connectivity patterns, particularly among association areas, suggest the presence of large-scale circuits without clear hierarchical relations. In this study the organization of networks in the human cerebrum was explored using resting-state functional connectivity MRI. Data from 1,000 subjects were registered using surface-based alignment. A clustering approach was employed to identify and replicate networks of functionally coupled regions across the cerebral cortex. The results revealed local networks confined to sensory and motor cortices as well as distributed networks of association regions. Within the sensory and motor cortices, functional connectivity followed topographic representations across adjacent areas. In association cortex, the connectivity patterns often showed abrupt transitions between network boundaries. Focused analyses were performed to better understand properties of network connectivity. A canonical sensory-motor pathway involving primary visual area, putative middle temporal area complex (MT+), lateral intraparietal area, and frontal eye field was analyzed to explore how interactions might arise within and between networks. Results showed that adjacent regions of the MT+ complex demonstrate differential connectivity consistent with a hierarchical pathway that spans networks. The functional connectivity of parietal and prefrontal association cortices was next explored. Distinct connectivity profiles of neighboring regions suggest they participate in distributed networks that, while showing evidence for interactions, are embedded within largely parallel, interdigitated circuits. We conclude by discussing the organization of these large-scale cerebral networks in relation to monkey anatomy and their potential evolutionary expansion in humans to support cognition.
6,284 citations
TL;DR: A constellation of deficits is suggestive of disruption of the Cerebellar modulation of neural circuits that link prefrontal, posterior parietal, superior temporal and limbic cortices with the cerebellum, called the 'cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome'.
Abstract: Anatomical, physiological and functional neuroimaging studies suggest that the cerebellum participates in the organization of higher order function, but there are very few descriptions of clinically relevant cases that address this possibility. We performed neurological examinations, bedside mental state tests, neuropsychological studies and anatomical neuroimaging on 20 patients with diseases confined to the cerebellum, and evaluated the nature and severity of the changes in neurological and mental function. Behavioural changes were clinically prominent in patients with lesions involving the posterior lobe of the cerebellum and the vermis, and in some cases they were the most noticeable aspects of the presentation. These changes were characterized by: impairment of executive functions such as planning, set-shifting, verbal fluency, abstract reasoning and working memory; difficulties with spatial cognition including visual-spatial organization and memory; personality change with blunting of affect or disinhibited and inappropriate behaviour; and language deficits including agrammatism and dysprosodia. Lesions of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum produced only minor changes in executive and visual-spatial functions. We have called this newly defined clinical entity the 'cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome'. The constellation of deficits is suggestive of disruption of the cerebellar modulation of neural circuits that link prefrontal, posterior parietal, superior temporal and limbic cortices with the cerebellum.
2,640 citations
Cites background from "The cerebellum and neural control"
...A detailed consideration of the anatomy of the cerebellar system is found in previous synopses (Brodal 1981; Ito 1984; Schmahmann 1996, 2000a, 2007; Schmahmann and Pandya 1997b; Voogd 2004; Voogd and Glickstein 1998), and elsewhere in this volume....
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...The apparent differential temporal effect of damage to the cortical and/or nuclear elements of the cerebellar corticonuclear microcomplex (Ito 1984) provides an interesting dimension to the natural history of the clinical manifestations resulting from disruption of the functionally arranged corticonuclear and cerebrocerebellar subcircuits, and serves to emphasize the importance of functional topography throughout the cerebellum....
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Book•
01 Jan 1992TL;DR: In this paper, a Hegelian synthesis of Piagetian constructivism and Fodorian modularity in terms of the author's own model of representational ''representational ''
Abstract: This is an original, important and stimulating book, which attempts a Hegelian synthesis of Piagetian constructivism and Fodorian modularity in terms of the author's own model of ‘representational ...
2,226 citations
TL;DR: This review will focus on the possibility that the cerebellum contains an internal model or models of the motor apparatus, and the necessity of such a model and the evidence, based on the ocular following response, that inverse models are found within the Cerebellar circuitry.
2,147 citations
TL;DR: A modular approach to motor learning and control based on multiple pairs of inverse (controller) and forward (predictor) models that can simultaneously learn the multiple inverse models necessary for control as well as how to select the inverse models appropriate for a given environment is proposed.
2,101 citations
Cites background from "The cerebellum and neural control"
...Such models have been proposed to be used in motor learning (Sutton and Barto, 1981; Jordan and Rumelhart, 1992), state estimation (Wolpert et al., 1995b) and motor control (Ito, 1984; Miall et al., 1993; Wolpert, 1997)....
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...Such models have been proposed to be used in motor learning (Sutton and Barto, 1981; Jordan and Rumelhart, 1992), state estimation (Wolpert et al., 1995b) and motor control ( Ito, 1984; Miall et al., 1993; Wolpert, 1997)....
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