Book•
The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum
01 Dec 1980-
TL;DR: In this paper, Asphaltene used the data of the Data Structural Group Analysis (DSGAA) to determine the effect of various factors on the stability or instability of the Crude Oil System.
Abstract: PART I: HISTORY, OCCURRENCE, AND RECOVERY History and Terminology Historical Perspectives Modern Perspectives Definitions and Terminology Native Materials Manufactured Materials Derived Materials Oil Prices Classification Classification Systems Miscellaneous Systems Reservoir Classification Origin and Occurrence Origin Occurrence Kerogen Properties Composition Classification Isolation Methods for Probing Kerogen Structure Structural Models Kerogen Maturation Exploration, Recovery, and Transportation Exploration Drilling Operations Well Completion Recovery Products and Product Quality Transportation New! Recovery of Heavy Oil and Tar Sand Bitumen Oil Mining Nonmining Methods PART II: COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES Chemical Composition Ultimate (Elemental) Composition Chemical Components Chemical Composition by Distillation Fractional Composition Distillation Solvent Treatment Adsorption Chemical Methods Use of the Data Petroleum Analysis Petroleum Assay Physical Properties Thermal Properties Electrical Properties Optical Properties Spectroscopic Methods Chromatographic Methods Molecular Weight Use of the Data Structural Group Analysis Methods for Structural Group Analysis Miscellaneous Methods Asphaltene Constituents Separation Composition Molecular Weight Reactions Solubility Parameter Structural Aspects Structure of Petroleum Molecular Species in Petroleum Chemical and Physical Structure of Petroleum Stability or Instability of the Crude Oil System Effects on Recovery and Refining Completely Revised! Instability and Incompatibility Instability and Incompatibility in Petroleum Factors Influencing Instability and Incompatibility Methods for Determining Instability and Incompatibility Effect of Asphaltene Constituents PART III: REFINING New! Introduction to Refining Processes Dewatering and Desalting Early Processes Distillation Thermal Methods Catalytic Methods Hydroprocesses Reforming Isomerization Alkylation Processes Polymerization Processes Solvent Process Refining Heavy Feedstocks Petroleum Products Petrochemicals Completely Revised! Refining Chemistry Cracking Hydrogenation Isomerization Alkylation Polymerization Process Chemistry Completely Revised! Distillation Pretreatment Atmospheric and Vacuum Distillation Equipment Other Processes Completely Revised! Thermal Cracking Early Processes Commercial Processes Catalytic Cracking Early Processes Commercial Processes Catalysts Process Parameters New! Deasphalting and Dewaxing Processes Commercial Processes Dewaxing Processes Completely Revised! Hydrotreating and Desulfurization Process Parameters and Reactors Commercial Processes Catalysts Biodesulfurization Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Polishing Completely Revised! Hydrocracking Commercial Processes Catalysts Completely Revised! Hydrogen Production Processes Requiring Hydrogen Feedstocks Process Chemistry Commercial Processes Catalysts Hydrogen Purification Hydrogen Management Product Improvement Reforming Isomerization Alkylation Polymerization Catalysts Product Treating Commercial Processes Gas Processing Gas Cleaning Water Removal Liquids Removal Nitrogen Removal Acid Gas Removal Enrichment Fractionation Claus Process Completely Revised! Products Gaseous Fuels Gasoline Solvents (Naphtha) Kerosene Fuel Oil Lubricating Oil Other Oil Products Grease Wax Asphalt Coke Sulfonic Acids Acid Sludge Product Blending Petrochemicals Chemicals from Paraffins Chemicals from Olefins Chemicals from Aromatics Chemicals from Acetylene Chemicals from Natural Gas Inorganic Petrochemicals Synthesis Gas PART IV: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES New! Environmental Aspects of Refining Definitions Environmental Regulations Process Analysis Epilog New! Refinery Wastes Process Wastes Types of Waste Waste Toxicity Refinery Outlook Management of Refinery Waste New! Environmental Analysis Petroleum and Petroleum Products Leachability and Toxicity Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons Petroleum Group Analysis Petroleum Fractions Assessment of the Methods Conversion Factors Glossary Index *Each Chapter contains Introduction and Reference sections
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a description of the emerging biorefinery concept, in comparison with the current oil refinery, as well as discussion of the most important biomass feedstocks, conversion technologies and final products.
1,754 citations
09 Jan 2020
TL;DR: The third edition of the reference book as discussed by the authors has been thoroughly updated while retaining its comprehensive coverage of the fundamental theory, concepts, and laboratory results, and highlights applications in unconventional reservoirs, including water, hydrocarbons, gases, minerals, rocks, ice, magma and methane hydrates.
Abstract: Responding to the latest developments in rock physics research, this popular reference book has been thoroughly updated while retaining its comprehensive coverage of the fundamental theory, concepts, and laboratory results. It brings together the vast literature from the field to address the relationships between geophysical observations and the underlying physical properties of Earth materials - including water, hydrocarbons, gases, minerals, rocks, ice, magma and methane hydrates. This third edition includes expanded coverage of topics such as effective medium models, viscoelasticity, attenuation, anisotropy, electrical-elastic cross relations, and highlights applications in unconventional reservoirs. Appendices have been enhanced with new materials and properties, while worked examples (supplemented by online datasets and MATLAB® codes) enable readers to implement the workflows and models in practice. This significantly revised edition will continue to be the go-to reference for students and researchers interested in rock physics, near-surface geophysics, seismology, and professionals in the oil and gas industries.
1,387 citations
TL;DR: The physiological responses of microorganisms to the presence of hydrocarbons, including cell surface alterations and adaptive mechanisms for uptake and efflux of these substrates, have been characterized and used to investigate the dynamics of microbial communities in petroleum-impacted ecosystems.
Abstract: Recent advances in molecular biology have extended our understanding of the metabolic processes related to microbial transformation of petroleum hydrocarbons. The physiological responses of microorganisms to the presence of hydrocarbons, including cell surface alterations and adaptive mechanisms for uptake and efflux of these substrates, have been characterized. New molecular techniques have enhanced our ability to investigate the dynamics of microbial communities in petroleum-impacted ecosystems. By establishing conditions which maximize rates and extents of microbial growth, hydrocarbon access, and transformation, highly accelerated and bioreactor-based petroleum waste degradation processes have been implemented. Biofilters capable of removing and biodegrading volatile petroleum contaminants in air streams with short substrate-microbe contact times ( 2 S and sulfoxides from petrochemical waste streams. Microbes also have potential for use in removal of nitrogen from crude oil leading to reduced nitric oxide emissions provided that technical problems similar to those experienced in biodesulfurization can be solved. Enzymes are being exploited to produce added-value products from petroleum substrates, and bacterial biosensors are being used to analyze petroleum-contaminated environments.
1,346 citations
TL;DR: A general picture of bitumen structure is shown to emerge and it shows that a simple solvation parameter allows quantifying the effect of the asphaltenes on the rheological properties ofbitumen.
1,236 citations
TL;DR: Much research in emulsions can be applied to foam systems, however evidence would suggest foam systems are under a number of additional constraints, and the stability 'window' for particles is smaller, in terms of size and contact angle ranges.
898 citations