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The Comfort Women

01 Jan 2016-
TL;DR: The issue of the so-called "comfort women" (a euphemism for the Asian women forced to act as prostitutes for Japanese troops during WWII) was not treated by military tribunals which passed judgement on crimes committed by the Japanese armed forces as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The issue of the so-called “comfort women” (a euphemism for the Asian women forced to act as prostitutes for Japanese troops during WWII) was not treated by military tribunals which passed judgement on crimes committed by the Japanese armed forces. Those who managed to survive were not recognised as victim of war. By the start of the 1990s Asian women’s organisations began to investigate this subject and their efforts produced different results. One such result was a new approach to the issue to be considered as a trans-national matter more than a national and nationalist one, where gender identity could prevail over Asian identity as victims of Japanese colonialism. They also organized an international women’s tribunal for war crimes relating to sexual slavery by Japanese soldiers which was held in Tokyo in 2000. Another important goal reached on this occasion concerns the retrieval of documents and the acquirement of new material and testimonies which facilitated the foundation of a historical archive in which the memory of these events may be preserved. Il termine “comfort women” (in giapponese jūgun ianfu, ovvero “donne di conforto”) è ormai entrato nel gergo comune per designare eufemisticamente le donne costrette a prostituirsi per le truppe giapponesi nel corso della Seconda guerra mondiale, altrimenti definita Guerra dell’Asia e del Pacifico. Le donne sopravvissute, le organizzazioni a sostegno delle loro rivendicazioni così come il Rapporto speciale delle Nazioni Unite presentato nel 1996 preferiscono invece ricorrere all’espressione di “schiave sessuali militari”. * Nel caso di nomi propri giapponesi, si segue l’uso di anteporre il cognome al nome. 1 Sebbene la visione eurocentrica privilegi una cronologia che tiene conto degli eventi verificatisi in Europa a seguito dell’invasione della Polonia da parte dell’esercito tedesco, in Asia Orientale (e nello stesso Giappone) esistono opinioni divergenti circa la durata del conflitto, che alcuni ritengono sia stato avviato con la presa della Manciuria nel settembre del 1931 o, al più tardi, con l’invasione della Cina nel luglio del 1937, mentre altri, ricorrendo all’espressione “guerra del Pacifico”, assumono come data di inizio del conflitto l’attacco giapponese alla base navale statunitense nelle Hawaii nel dicembre del 1941 ed escludono in tal modo la colonizzazione dell’Asia dall’esperienza bellica. 2 Nel rapporto (Report on the mission to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, the Republic of Korea and Japan on the issue of military sexual slavery in wartime, 4 gennaio 1996) stilato da Radhika Coomaraswamy è riportata l’opinione del governo giapponese secondo cui “the application of the term ‘slavery’ defined as ‘the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised’ in accordance with article 1 (1) of the 1926 Slavery Convention, is inaccurate in the case of ‘comfort women’ under existing provisions of international law”. Il testo del rapporto è reperibile in http://www.awf.or.jp/pdf/h0004.pdf. Rosa Caroli DEP n.10 / 2009 133 La questione riguarda quelle donne (il cui numero è stimato tra le cinquantamila e le duecentomila provenienti per lo più dalla Corea e, anche, dalla Cina, dal Sudest asiatico e dallo stesso Giappone) che furono coattamente reclutate dai militari giapponesi e costrette ad “assicurare momenti di ricreazione” ai militari, solitamente circa dieci al giorno, sebbene alla vigilia o all’indomani di combattimenti potevano essere chiamate a ‘confortarne’ anche trenta o quaranta. Se i prodromi di questo fenomeno di schiavitù sessuale, etichettato come “il più grande ed elaborato sistema di traffico di donne nella storia dell’umanità”, risalirebbero agli inizi degli anni Trenta, esso sembra essere stato ampliato e sistematizzato dopo il massacro che accompagnò l’occupazione di Nanchino da parte delle truppe imperiali nipponiche nel dicembre del 1937, dietro considerazione del fatto che occorreva trovare un rimedio al ‘problema’ rappresentato dagli stupri di massa commessi dai soldati giapponesi, dato che il perpetuarsi di tali atti avrebbe rischiato di rendere esplosivo il sentimento antinipponico diffuso tra i cinesi. Altre considerazioni – sempre miranti a evitare ‘problemi’ che minassero le priorità strategiche dell’impero – contribuirono alla messa a punto di questo sistema, come l’esigenza di garantire la salute e il morale delle truppe precludendo ai civili l’uso dei bordelli dove le “comfort women” venivano recluse o impiegando misure sanitarie scrupolose e pur tuttavia non sempre efficaci. Dal punto di vista delle vittime, ciò significò sottostare a condizioni di brutalità e degrado e subire sofferenze emotive e traumi psicologici, mentre le condizioni igienico-sanitarie in cui erano costrette a svolgere la loro attività di prostitute favorirono la diffusione di malattie, che furono spesso fatali per la loro salute. Quelle che invece riuscirono a sopravvivere dovettero affrontare il disagio della vergogna, rafforzata dai meccanismi patriarcali, così come dal mancato riconoscimento di crimini che sarebbero dovuti essere addebitati ai loro persecutori. Sebbene le principali vittime del sistema di schiavitù sessuale furono donne asiatiche dei territori occupati, la loro vicenda non venne considerata dai tribunali istituiti in Giappone e nelle zone da esso occupate per giudicare i crimini commessi dalle forze armate giapponesi nel corso del lungo conflitto dell’Asia e del Pacifico. Unica eccezione il Processo di Batavia, dove nel 1948 la Corte militare olandese rese giustizia ad alcune donne olandesi le quali furono in grado di dimostrare di 3 Così in un rapporto stilato nel 1938 dal Consolato generale giapponese a Shanghai del 1938 cit. in Yoshimi Yoshiaki, Comfort Women. Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military during World War II, Columbia University Press, New York 2000, p. 44. 4 G. Hicks, The Comfort Women: Japan’s Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War, W.W. Norton, New York 1995, p. 16. 5 In questi termini si espresse un generale di stanza in Cina: “Lo stupro non è solo faccenda di legge criminale [...] esso [...] danneggia le attività strategiche delle nostre forze armate e crea seri problemi alla nostra nazione. [Per questo] bisogna sradicare simili atti”, cit. in Tanaka Yuki, Japan’s Comfort Women. Sexual Slavery and Prostitution during World War II and the US Occupation, Routledge, New York 2002, p.16. 6 In un documento stilato dal Ministro della Guerra nel 1940 si legge “gli effetti psicologici che i soldati ricevono nei bordelli sono immediati e profondi”. Cit. in Ibid., p. 24. Rosa Caroli DEP n.10 / 2009 134 non aver svolto in precedenza attività di prostituzione e che il loro reclutamento da parte delle autorità militari giapponesi non aveva implicato il benché minimo livello di “volontarietà” da parte loro. Le olandesi che non riuscirono a fornire prove in tal senso furono così accomunate alle donne asiatiche, le quali (che fossero in precedenza prostitute o meno, e che avessero più o meno deliberatamente accettato di lavorare nei bordelli per i militari giapponesi) vennero escluse dalla giustizia dei vincitori, forse per lo stesso fatto di essere allo stesso tempo asiatiche e donne e, dunque, obbligate a prestare il loro conforto agli uomini impegnati nella guerra ancor più di quanto ci si attendesse da donne bianche. La loro vicenda restò così confinata in un silenzio pressoché generale per vari decenni, nonostante che gli Stati Uniti ne fossero stati informati già prima della fine del conflitto, che all’indomani della resa le stesse Forze Alleate avessero gestito il rimpatrio di alcune sopravvissute o che il tema fosse stato affrontato da uno scrittore giapponese in un racconto pubblicato nel 1947 e successivamente tradotto in un’opera cinematografica. E questo silenzio confinò tale vicenda nella sfera individuale e privata sino agli inizi degli anni Novanta, quando una serie di circostanze rese possibile affrontare il problema in termini di “crimine sessuale”, aprendo peraltro una riflessione sul fatto che, oltre al crimine di violenza subito nel periodo bellico, queste donne avevano subito anche il crimine di essere restate inascoltate per oltre mezzo secolo. Dal silenzio alla rivendicazione In effetti, sin dal 1988 alcune organizzazioni di donne coreane avevano avviato un’indagine su questo tema e due anni dopo (mentre il presidente sud coreano Roh Tae Woo in visita a Tokyo chiedeva che alla questione fosse trovata una soluzione) queste organizzazioni rivolsero al Parlamento giapponese una richiesta affinché fosse svolta un’indagine in merito. Il governo di Tokyo replicò di lì a breve, affermando che il sistema di reclutamento era stato organizzato da privati e che, dunque, non esisteva alcun coinvolgimento da parte dello Stato giapponese, suscitando la reazione di un gruppo di sopravvissute che inviarono lettere di protesta al governo giapponese. Analoghe proteste giunsero dal “Consiglio coreano 7 Chizuko Ueno, Nationalism and Gender, Trans Pacific Press, Melbourne 2004, pp. x e 197, nota 3; Yoshimi, Comfort Women, cit., pp.186-188 8 Uno studioso statunitense definisce i tribunali chiamati a giudicare i crimini commessi dalle forze armate giapponesi come “tribunali dell’uomo bianco”, del tutto inconsapevoli dell’atteggiamento razzista e sessista su cui si fondò il proprio giudizio. J. Dower, Embracing Defeat. Japan in the Wake of World War II, The New Press, London 1999, p. 469. 9 Ciò era avvenuto grazie a un rapporto dal titolo Amenities in the Japanese Armed Forces, cit. in Tanaka Yuki, Japan’s Comfort Women. Sexual slavery and prostitution during World War II and the US occupation, Routledge, New York 2002, p. 84. 10 Si tratta di Shunpunden (Storia di una prostituta) scritto da Tamura Tajirō. Cit. in Ueno, Nationalism and Gender, cit., p. ix. Nel 1983, fu pubblicato Watashi no sensō hanzai. Chōsenjin Kyōsei Renkō (I
Citations
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Dissertation
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: The Ghost As Ghost: Comeback and Reconciliation in Asian American Literature as mentioned in this paper explores the notion of the ghost as ghost in the context of Asian American studies and mixed race studies.
Abstract: Title of Document: THE GHOST AS GHOST: COMPULSORY RATIONALISM AND ASIAN AMERICAN LITERATURE, POST-1965 Lawrence-Minh Bùi Davis, Doctor of Philosophy, 2014 Directed By: Professor Sangeeta Ray, Department of English Since the early 1980s, scholarship across disciplines has employed the “ghostly” as critical lens for understanding the upheavals of modernity. The ghost stands metaphorically for the lasting trace of what has been erased, whether bodies or histories. The ghost always stands for something, rather than the ghost simply is—a conception in keeping with dominant Western rationalism. But such a reading practice threatens the very sort of violent erasure it means to redress, uncovering lost histories at the expense of non-Western and “minority” ways of knowing. What about the ghost as ghost? What about the array of non-rational knowledges out of which the ghostly frequently emerges? This project seeks to transform the application of the ghostly as scholarly lens, bringing to bear Foucault’s notion of “popular” knowledges and drawing from Asian American studies and critical mixed race studies frameworks. Its timeline begins with the 1965 Immigration Act and traces across the 1970s-1990s rise of multiculturalism and the 1980s-2000s rise of the Multiracial Movement. For field of analysis, the project turns to Asian American literature and its rich evocations of the ghostly and compulsory rationalism, in particular Maxine Hong Kingston’s The Woman Warrior and China Men, Amy Tan’s The Hundred Secret Senses, Nora Okja Keller’s Comfort Woman, Lan Cao’s Monkey Bridge, Heinz Insu Fenkl’s Memories of My Ghost Brother, Shawna Yang Ryan’s Water Ghosts, and Ruth Ozeki’s A Tale for the Time Being. It outlines a new reading strategy, a new means of conceiving of both Asian American literature and existing “spectral” scholarship as cultural productions. It also addresses a dimension of American history and lived reality that scholarship to date has not only ignored but actively suppressed. And insofar as the reach of “spectral” scholarship extends well beyond Asian American communities and Asian American studies—across an interdisciplinary net of subjects, a cross-cultural set of histories—this project is a necessary corrective with a wide scope of consequence for scholarly practice more generally. What it offers is an alternative approach, an alternative vision, reaching for a progressive politics of the ghostly. THE GHOST AS GHOST: COMPULSORY RATIONALISM AND ASIAN AMERICAN LITERATURE, POST-1965

53 citations

Dissertation
01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: This article explored the ideological constitutions of English and its speakers in Japan, drawing on language ideology theory, which views ideologies as people's thoughts, beliefs, and feelings about language rather than as top-down forces.
Abstract: This thesis explores the ideological constitutions of English and its speakers in Japan, drawing on language ideology theory. The theory, which originates from linguistic anthropology, views ideologies as people’s thoughts, beliefs, and feelings about language rather than as top-down forces. The thesis therefore aims to examine how people engaging with English in Japan understand the language, and what language ideologies constitute or are constituted by their engagements with and understandings of English. As research sites where people engage with English, the thesis focuses on self-help English language learning (ELL) books, Philippines-based Skype English conversation (eikaiwa) lessons, and English as an official corporate language (EOCL) policies in Japan-based enterprises. Through a lens of critical multimodal discourse analysis (CMDA), different types of data collected from these three research sites, such as the contents of the self-help ELL books, promotional materials produced by Philippines-based Skype eikaiwa providers, online customer reviews on the books and providers, and interview findings regarding EOCL policies are analyzed. By doing this, the thesis untangles the complicated intersection of people’s engagements with English, what they think of the language and its speakers, and what kinds of beliefs and feelings they have toward them. The findings suggest several important considerations. First, they show that my participants are involved in English or ELL far more divergently than what language use and language learning mean in the conventional sense. To further explore this phenomenon, the thesis proposes two new ideas (‘engagements with English for self-development’ and ‘engagements with English for male gratification’), asserting the need to reconsider the notions of language use and language learning. The findings also demonstrate that in the course of engaging with English or ELL, the participants conceptualize the language and its speakers in specific ways. The native speaker, for example, is often considered as someone who is qualified to judge whether particular English is ‘correct’ or not, based on his/her intuition. However, the findings simultaneously indicate that this sort of conceptualization is not fixed but rather is constantly negotiated; the notion of the native speaker is socially, culturally, and ideologically constituted through people’s discursive practices, and the glorification of ‘native English’ is not absolute. The thesis contributes to providing more comprehensive understandings of English and ELL by developing the idea of ‘engagement’ instead of utilizing the more traditional notions of ‘use’ and ‘learning.’ The thesis also advances the theorization of language ideologies within critical inquiries in language studies, helping usher in significant changes in both Japan’s and the world’s language education.

14 citations


Cites background from "The Comfort Women"

  • ...33 Comfort women are “females who were forced into sexual slavery to provide ‘comfort’ in the form of sexual services to Japanese Imperial Army troops during World War II” (Lynch, 2009)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the past few decades, awareness around gender-based violence (GBV) has expanded on a global scale with increased attention in global treaties, organizations, and conferences as discussed by the authors, which was previously a taboo subject.
Abstract: In the past few decades, awareness around gender-based violence (GBV) has expanded on a global scale with increased attention in global treaties, organizations, and conferences. Previously a taboo ...

12 citations


Cites background from "The Comfort Women"

  • ...…inequalities (Maclure and Denov 2009; Pigozzi 1999), studies find that educational materials focus on men and boys, particularly in history (Al-Khalidi 2012; Schrader and Wotipka 2011), or reinforce gender stereotypes (Commeyras and Alvermann 1996; McCabe et al. 2011; Russell 2016; Soh 2008)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors chart the history of the understudied topic of Indonesian activism for the so-called "comfort women" of the Japanese military from World War Two and analyze how and why Indonesian activists appealed to certain emotions to gain support within Indonesia and Japan for compensation.
Abstract: Synopsis This paper begins to chart the history of the understudied topic of Indonesian activism for the so called ‘comfort women’ of the Japanese military from World War Two. It asks how and why activists in the specific historical context of New Order Indonesia, the cultural context of Indonesia, the global rise in human rights claims and a new openness to war redress in Japan were variously constrained and enabled in their advocacy. Drawing on recent research into the history of emotions and social movements the paper analyses how and why Indonesian activists appealed to certain emotions to gain support within Indonesia and Japan for compensation. A focus on emotions and the political and cultural contexts surrounding early Indonesian activism allows us to better understand the local framing, reception and outcomes of this global protest movement in Indonesia.

11 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...So-called ‘comfort’ facilities were diverse, including ‘movie theatres, bars, restaurants, hotels and comfort stations’ (Horton, 2010, p. 186). Often hotels 68 K. McGregor / Women's Studies International Forum 54 (2016) 67–78...

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Aida Karic's The Trojan Women: An Asian Story (2007) as discussed by the authors is an international collaboration between a Bosnian-born director and a Korean choreographer, a Korean composer, and Korean theatre company, which was first produced at the Schauspielhaus Wien in Austria and then toured to the United States and South Korea.
Abstract: Aida Karic’s The Trojan Women: An Asian Story (2007), an international collaboration between a Bosnian-born director and a Korean choreographer, a Korean composer, and a Korean theatre company, was first produced at the Schauspielhaus Wien in Austria and then toured to the United States and South Korea. Karic’s The Trojan Women interweaves the history of Japanese military sexual slavery, particularly of Korean survivors, with Euripides’s The Trojan Women . It relies on identifiable markers of Koreanness, such as the musical style of pansori and the visual imagery of shamanic ritual movement, to locate the narrative as a Korean tragedy. I argue that the re-visioning of these Korean cultural forms, such as the use of cloth in the ritual scene, offers a symbolic reclamation of violated bodies while providing a redressive space for the audience to witness the long history of wartime sexual violence against women.

9 citations


Cites background from "The Comfort Women"

  • ...Select examples of other theatre productions addressing Japanese military sexual slavery include Hur (1996), Miyagi (1999), Chen (2000), Chung mi Kim (1999, 2004), Ensler (2009), and Yoon (2013)....

    [...]

References
More filters
Dissertation
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: The Ghost As Ghost: Comeback and Reconciliation in Asian American Literature as mentioned in this paper explores the notion of the ghost as ghost in the context of Asian American studies and mixed race studies.
Abstract: Title of Document: THE GHOST AS GHOST: COMPULSORY RATIONALISM AND ASIAN AMERICAN LITERATURE, POST-1965 Lawrence-Minh Bùi Davis, Doctor of Philosophy, 2014 Directed By: Professor Sangeeta Ray, Department of English Since the early 1980s, scholarship across disciplines has employed the “ghostly” as critical lens for understanding the upheavals of modernity. The ghost stands metaphorically for the lasting trace of what has been erased, whether bodies or histories. The ghost always stands for something, rather than the ghost simply is—a conception in keeping with dominant Western rationalism. But such a reading practice threatens the very sort of violent erasure it means to redress, uncovering lost histories at the expense of non-Western and “minority” ways of knowing. What about the ghost as ghost? What about the array of non-rational knowledges out of which the ghostly frequently emerges? This project seeks to transform the application of the ghostly as scholarly lens, bringing to bear Foucault’s notion of “popular” knowledges and drawing from Asian American studies and critical mixed race studies frameworks. Its timeline begins with the 1965 Immigration Act and traces across the 1970s-1990s rise of multiculturalism and the 1980s-2000s rise of the Multiracial Movement. For field of analysis, the project turns to Asian American literature and its rich evocations of the ghostly and compulsory rationalism, in particular Maxine Hong Kingston’s The Woman Warrior and China Men, Amy Tan’s The Hundred Secret Senses, Nora Okja Keller’s Comfort Woman, Lan Cao’s Monkey Bridge, Heinz Insu Fenkl’s Memories of My Ghost Brother, Shawna Yang Ryan’s Water Ghosts, and Ruth Ozeki’s A Tale for the Time Being. It outlines a new reading strategy, a new means of conceiving of both Asian American literature and existing “spectral” scholarship as cultural productions. It also addresses a dimension of American history and lived reality that scholarship to date has not only ignored but actively suppressed. And insofar as the reach of “spectral” scholarship extends well beyond Asian American communities and Asian American studies—across an interdisciplinary net of subjects, a cross-cultural set of histories—this project is a necessary corrective with a wide scope of consequence for scholarly practice more generally. What it offers is an alternative approach, an alternative vision, reaching for a progressive politics of the ghostly. THE GHOST AS GHOST: COMPULSORY RATIONALISM AND ASIAN AMERICAN LITERATURE, POST-1965

53 citations

Dissertation
01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: This article explored the ideological constitutions of English and its speakers in Japan, drawing on language ideology theory, which views ideologies as people's thoughts, beliefs, and feelings about language rather than as top-down forces.
Abstract: This thesis explores the ideological constitutions of English and its speakers in Japan, drawing on language ideology theory. The theory, which originates from linguistic anthropology, views ideologies as people’s thoughts, beliefs, and feelings about language rather than as top-down forces. The thesis therefore aims to examine how people engaging with English in Japan understand the language, and what language ideologies constitute or are constituted by their engagements with and understandings of English. As research sites where people engage with English, the thesis focuses on self-help English language learning (ELL) books, Philippines-based Skype English conversation (eikaiwa) lessons, and English as an official corporate language (EOCL) policies in Japan-based enterprises. Through a lens of critical multimodal discourse analysis (CMDA), different types of data collected from these three research sites, such as the contents of the self-help ELL books, promotional materials produced by Philippines-based Skype eikaiwa providers, online customer reviews on the books and providers, and interview findings regarding EOCL policies are analyzed. By doing this, the thesis untangles the complicated intersection of people’s engagements with English, what they think of the language and its speakers, and what kinds of beliefs and feelings they have toward them. The findings suggest several important considerations. First, they show that my participants are involved in English or ELL far more divergently than what language use and language learning mean in the conventional sense. To further explore this phenomenon, the thesis proposes two new ideas (‘engagements with English for self-development’ and ‘engagements with English for male gratification’), asserting the need to reconsider the notions of language use and language learning. The findings also demonstrate that in the course of engaging with English or ELL, the participants conceptualize the language and its speakers in specific ways. The native speaker, for example, is often considered as someone who is qualified to judge whether particular English is ‘correct’ or not, based on his/her intuition. However, the findings simultaneously indicate that this sort of conceptualization is not fixed but rather is constantly negotiated; the notion of the native speaker is socially, culturally, and ideologically constituted through people’s discursive practices, and the glorification of ‘native English’ is not absolute. The thesis contributes to providing more comprehensive understandings of English and ELL by developing the idea of ‘engagement’ instead of utilizing the more traditional notions of ‘use’ and ‘learning.’ The thesis also advances the theorization of language ideologies within critical inquiries in language studies, helping usher in significant changes in both Japan’s and the world’s language education.

14 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the past few decades, awareness around gender-based violence (GBV) has expanded on a global scale with increased attention in global treaties, organizations, and conferences as discussed by the authors, which was previously a taboo subject.
Abstract: In the past few decades, awareness around gender-based violence (GBV) has expanded on a global scale with increased attention in global treaties, organizations, and conferences. Previously a taboo ...

12 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors chart the history of the understudied topic of Indonesian activism for the so-called "comfort women" of the Japanese military from World War Two and analyze how and why Indonesian activists appealed to certain emotions to gain support within Indonesia and Japan for compensation.
Abstract: Synopsis This paper begins to chart the history of the understudied topic of Indonesian activism for the so called ‘comfort women’ of the Japanese military from World War Two. It asks how and why activists in the specific historical context of New Order Indonesia, the cultural context of Indonesia, the global rise in human rights claims and a new openness to war redress in Japan were variously constrained and enabled in their advocacy. Drawing on recent research into the history of emotions and social movements the paper analyses how and why Indonesian activists appealed to certain emotions to gain support within Indonesia and Japan for compensation. A focus on emotions and the political and cultural contexts surrounding early Indonesian activism allows us to better understand the local framing, reception and outcomes of this global protest movement in Indonesia.

11 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Aida Karic's The Trojan Women: An Asian Story (2007) as discussed by the authors is an international collaboration between a Bosnian-born director and a Korean choreographer, a Korean composer, and Korean theatre company, which was first produced at the Schauspielhaus Wien in Austria and then toured to the United States and South Korea.
Abstract: Aida Karic’s The Trojan Women: An Asian Story (2007), an international collaboration between a Bosnian-born director and a Korean choreographer, a Korean composer, and a Korean theatre company, was first produced at the Schauspielhaus Wien in Austria and then toured to the United States and South Korea. Karic’s The Trojan Women interweaves the history of Japanese military sexual slavery, particularly of Korean survivors, with Euripides’s The Trojan Women . It relies on identifiable markers of Koreanness, such as the musical style of pansori and the visual imagery of shamanic ritual movement, to locate the narrative as a Korean tragedy. I argue that the re-visioning of these Korean cultural forms, such as the use of cloth in the ritual scene, offers a symbolic reclamation of violated bodies while providing a redressive space for the audience to witness the long history of wartime sexual violence against women.

9 citations