The convergent structure of DSM-5 personality trait facets and five-factor model trait domains.

doi:10.1177/1073191112457589

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The convergent structure of DSM-5 personality trait facets and five-factor model trait domains.

Journal Article•DOI•

The convergent structure of DSM-5 personality trait facets and five-factor model trait domains.

Katherine M. Thomas¹, Matthew M. Yalch¹, Robert F. Krueger², Aidan G. C. Wright³, Kristian E. Markon⁴, Christopher J. Hopwood¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (4)

Michigan State University¹, University of Minnesota², University of Pittsburgh³, University of Iowa⁴

01 Jun 2013-Assessment (Sage Publications)-Vol. 20, Iss: 3, pp 308-311

TL;DR: Results indicate that the five higher-order factors of the conjoint EFA reflect the domains of the FFM, which signifies the potential to apply normative trait research to personality disorder classification in the DSM-5.

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Abstract: The DSM-5 Personality and Personality Disorder Work Group have proposed diagnosing personality disorder based in part on 25 pathological traits. Initial research suggests that five factors explain the covariance among these traits and that these factors reflect the domains of the well-validated Five-Factor Model (FFM) of normative personality. This finding is important because it signifies the potential to apply normative trait research to personality disorder classification in the DSM-5. In this study, trait scale scores on the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) and domain scores from the FFM Rating Form (FFMRF) were subjected to a conjoint exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to test the higher-order convergence of the DSM-5 pathological trait model and the FFM in a nonclinical sample (N = 808). Results indicate that the five higher-order factors of the conjoint EFA reflect the domains of the FFM. The authors briefly discuss implications of this correspondence between the normative FFM and the pathological PID-5.

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Journal Article•DOI•

The Role of the DSM-5 Personality Trait Model in Moving Toward a Quantitative and Empirically Based Approach to Classifying Personality and Psychopathology

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Robert F. Krueger¹, Kristian E. Markon²•Institutions (2)

University of Minnesota¹, University of Iowa²

28 Mar 2014-Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

TL;DR: Research to date suggests that the DSM-5 trait model provides reasonable coverage of personality pathology but also suggest areas for continued refinement, which provides a way of evolving psychopathology classification on the basis of research evidence as opposed to clinical authority.

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Abstract: The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) represents a watershed moment in the history of official psychopathology classification systems because it is the first DSM to feature an empirically based model of maladaptive personality traits. Attributes of patients with personality disorders were discussed by the DSM-5 Personality and Personality Disorders Work Group and then operationalized and refined in the course of an empirical project that eventuated in the construction of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). We review research to date on the DSM-5 trait model, with a primary aim of discussing how this kind of research could serve to better tether the DSM to data as it continues to evolve. For example, studies to date suggest that the DSM-5 trait model provides reasonable coverage of personality pathology but also suggest areas for continued refinement. This kind of research provides a way of evolving psychopathology classification on the basis of res...

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445 citations

Cites methods from "The convergent structure of DSM-5 p..."

...Similar to the domain-level investigations of De Fruyt et al. (2013), Thomas et al. (2013) examined the joint structure of the PID-5 facets and the FFM domains as assessed by the Five Factor Model Rating Form (Mullins-Sweatt et al. 2006)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The DSM-5 dimensional trait model and five-factor models of general personality.

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Whitney L. Gore¹, Thomas A. Widiger¹•Institutions (1)

University of Kentucky¹

01 Jul 2013-Journal of Abnormal Psychology

TL;DR: The results provided support for the hypothesis that all five domains of the DSM-5 dimensional trait model are maladaptive variants of general personality structure, including the domain of psychoticism.

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Abstract: The current study tests empirically the relationship of the dimensional trait model proposed for the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) with five-factor models of general personality. The DSM-5 maladaptive trait dimensional model proposal included 25 traits organized within five broad domains (i.e., negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism). Consistent with the authors of the proposal, it was predicted that negative affectivity would align with five-factor model (FFM) neuroticism, detachment with FFM introversion, antagonism with FFM antagonism, disinhibition with low FFM conscientiousness and, contrary to the proposal; psychoticism would align with FFM openness. Three measures of alternative five-factor models of general personality were administered to 445 undergraduates along with the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. The results provided support for the hypothesis that all five domains of the DSM-5 dimensional trait model are maladaptive variants of general personality structure, including the domain of psychoticism.

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290 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Examination of the Section III DSM-5 diagnostic system for personality disorders in an outpatient clinical sample

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Lauren R. Few¹, Joshua D. Miller¹, Alex O. Rothbaum¹, Suzanne Meller¹, Jessica Maples¹, Douglas P. Terry¹, Brittany Collins¹, James MacKillop¹ - Show less +4 more•Institutions (1)

University of Georgia¹

01 Nov 2013-Journal of Abnormal Psychology

TL;DR: Overall, these results support the general validity of several of the components of this new PD diagnostic system and point to areas that may require further modification.

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Abstract: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), includes a novel approach to the diagnosis of personality disorders (PDs) in Section III, to stimulate further research with the possibility that this proposal will be included more formally in future DSM iterations. This study provides the 1st test of this proposal in a clinical sample by simultaneously examining its 2 primary components: a system for rating personality impairment and a newly developed dimensional model of pathological personality traits. Participants were community adults currently receiving outpatient mental health treatment who completed a semistructured interview for DSM-IV PDs and were then rated in terms of personality impairment and pathological traits. Data on the pathological traits were also collected through self-reports using the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). Both sets of trait scores were compared with self-report measures of general personality traits, internalizing symptoms, and externalizing behaviors. Interrater reliabilities for the clinicians' ratings of impairment and the pathological traits were fair. The impairment ratings manifested substantial correlations with symptoms of depression and anxiety, DSM-5 PDs, and DSM-5 pathological traits. The clinician and self-reported personality trait scores demonstrated good convergence with one another, both accounted for substantial variance in DSM-IV PD constructs, and both manifested expected relations with the external criteria. The traits but not the impairment ratings demonstrated incremental validity in the prediction of the DSM-IV PDs. Overall, these results support the general validity of several of the components of this new PD diagnostic system and point to areas that may require further modification.

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238 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

General and maladaptive traits in a five-factor framework for DSM-5 in a university student sample.

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Filip De Fruyt¹, Barbara De Clercq¹, Marleen De Bolle¹, Bart Wille¹, Kristian E. Markon², Robert F. Krueger³ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (3)

Ghent University¹, University of Iowa², University of Minnesota³

12 Feb 2013-Assessment

TL;DR: A joint factor analysis of the NEO domains and their facets with the PID-5 traits showed that general and maladaptive traits are subsumed under an umbrella of five to six major dimensions that can be interpreted from the perspective of the five-factor model or the Personality Psychopathology Five.

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Abstract: The relationships between two measures proposed to describe personality pathology, that is the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-3) and the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), are examined in an undergraduate sample (N = 240). The NEO inventories are general trait measures, also considered relevant to assess disordered personality, whereas the PID-5 measure is specifically designed to assess pathological personality traits, as conceptualized in the DSM-5 proposal. A structural analysis of the 25 PID-5 traits confirmed the factor structure observed in the U.S. derivation sample, with higher order factors of Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Antagonism, Disinhibition, and Psychoticism. A joint factor analysis of, respectively, the NEO domains and their facets with the PID-5 traits showed that general and maladaptive traits are subsumed under an umbrella of five to six major dimensions that can be interpreted from the perspective of the five-factor model or the Personality Psychopathology Five. Implications for the assessment of personality pathology and the construction of models of psychopathology grounded in personality are discussed.

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235 citations

Cites background or result from "The convergent structure of DSM-5 p..."

...…the validity of a hierarchical conceptualization of traits in which specific general and maladaptive traits are subsumed under the umbrella of a common set of five to six major dimensions of personality (Anderson et al., 2013; Harkness et al., 2012; Markon et al., 2005; Thomas et al., 2012)....
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...Recently, Thomas et al. (2012) examined in an undergraduate sample the covariance of PID-5 traits and domain scores from the FFM rating form (Mullins-Sweatt, Jamerson, Samuel, Olson, & Widiger, 2006), a 30-item self-report inventory with one item for each FFM facet, showing that the five higher…...
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...In this respect, the current findings, together with those reported by Thomas et al. (2012), illustrate how the FFM is a unifying framework for understanding both adaptive and maladaptive personality, and how different assessment instruments complement each other in assessing various parts of the…...
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...Restricted Affectivity had almost equal loadings on Negative Affectivity and Detachment, whereas it almost exclusively loaded the Detachment factor in Thomas et al. (2012)....
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...The results for the five-factor solution are in line with Thomas et al. (2012), although there are also some differences....
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Journal Article•DOI•

A test of the International Personality Item Pool representation of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory and development of a 120-item IPIP-based measure of the five-factor model.

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Jessica Maples¹, Li Guan¹, Nathan T. Carter¹, Joshua D. Miller¹•Institutions (1)

University of Georgia¹

16 Jun 2014-Psychological Assessment

TL;DR: Support is provided for the use of the IPIP-NEO and both 120-item IPIP -NEO measures as assessment tools for measurement of the five-factor model.

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Abstract: There has been a substantial increase in the use of personality assessment measures constructed using items from the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) such as the 300-item IPIP-NEO (Goldberg, 1999), a representation of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1992). The IPIP-NEO is free to use and can be modified to accommodate its users' needs. Despite the substantial interest in this measure, there is still a dearth of data demonstrating its convergence with the NEO PI-R. The present study represents an investigation of the reliability and validity of scores on the IPIP-NEO. Additionally, we used item response theory (IRT) methodology to create a 120-item version of the IPIP-NEO. Using an undergraduate sample (n = 359), we examined the reliability, as well as the convergent and criterion validity, of scores from the 300-item IPIP-NEO, a previously constructed 120-item version of the IPIP-NEO (Johnson, 2011), and the newly created IRT-based IPIP-120 in comparison to the NEO PI-R across a range of outcomes. Scores from all 3 IPIP measures demonstrated strong reliability and convergence with the NEO PI-R and a high degree of similarity with regard to their correlational profiles across the criterion variables (rICC = .983, .972, and .976, respectively). The replicability of these findings was then tested in a community sample (n = 757), and the results closely mirrored the findings from Sample 1. These results provide support for the use of the IPIP-NEO and both 120-item IPIP-NEO measures as assessment tools for measurement of the five-factor model.

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220 citations

Cites result from "The convergent structure of DSM-5 p..."

...This is consistent with two factor analytic studies that found that PID-5 Psychoticism facets loaded with FFM Openness (Gore & Widiger, 2013; Thomas et al., 2013)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis.

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John L. Horn¹•Institutions (1)

University of Denver¹

01 Jun 1965-Psychometrika

TL;DR: It is suggested that if Guttman's latent-root-one lower bound estimate for the rank of a correlation matrix is accepted as a psychometric upper bound, then the rank for a sample matrix should be estimated by subtracting out the component in the latent roots which can be attributed to sampling error.

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Abstract: It is suggested that if Guttman's latent-root-one lower bound estimate for the rank of a correlation matrix is accepted as a psychometric upper bound, following the proofs and arguments of Kaiser and Dickman, then the rank for a sample matrix should be estimated by subtracting out the component in the latent roots which can be attributed to sampling error, and least-squares “capitalization” on this error, in the calculation of the correlations and the roots. A procedure based on the generation of random variables is given for estimating the component which needs to be subtracted.

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6,722 citations

"The convergent structure of DSM-5 p..." refers methods in this paper

...Factor extraction was based on parallel analysis (Horn, 1965) and factor interpretability....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5.

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Robert F. Krueger¹, Jaime Derringer¹, Kristian E. Markon², David Watson³, Andrew E. Skodol⁴ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (4)

University of Minnesota¹, University of Iowa², University of Notre Dame³, University of Arizona⁴

01 Sep 2012-Psychological Medicine

TL;DR: A maladaptive personality trait model and corresponding instrument are developed as a step on the path toward helping users of DSM-5 assess traits that may or may not constitute a formal personality disorder.

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Abstract: Background DSM-IV-TR suggests that clinicians should assess clinically relevant personality traits that do not necessarily constitute a formal personality disorder (PD), and should note these traits on Axis II, but DSM-IV-TR does not provide a trait model to guide the clinician. Our goal was to provide a provisional trait model and a preliminary corresponding assessment instrument, in our roles as members of the DSM-5 Personality and Personality Disorders Workgroup and workgroup advisors. Method An initial list of specific traits and domains (broader groups of traits) was derived from DSM-5 literature reviews and workgroup deliberations, with a focus on capturing maladaptive personality characteristics deemed clinically salient, including those related to the criteria for DSM-IV-TR PDs. The model and instrument were then developed iteratively using data from community samples of treatment-seeking participants. The analytic approach relied on tools of modern psychometrics (e.g. item response theory models). Results A total of 25 reliably measured core elements of personality description emerged that, together, delineate five broad domains of maladaptive personality variation: negative affect, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism. Conclusions We developed a maladaptive personality trait model and corresponding instrument as a step on the path toward helping users of DSM-5 assess traits that may or may not constitute a formal PD. The inventory we developed is reprinted in its entirety in the Supplementary online material, with the goal of encouraging additional refinement and development by other investigators prior to the finalization of DSM-5. Continuing discussion should focus on various options for integrating personality traits into DSM-5.

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1,322 citations

"The convergent structure of DSM-5 p..." refers background or methods or result in this paper

...…affectivity (e.g., emotional lability, anxiousness), detachment (e.g., withdrawal, anhedonia), antagonism (e.g., manipulativeness, deceitfulness), disinhibition (e.g., impulsivity, irresponsibility), and psychoticism (e.g., eccentricity, unusual beliefs; Krueger et al., 2011; Wright et al., 2012)....
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..., impulsivity, irresponsibility), and psychoticism (e.g., eccentricity, unusual beliefs; Krueger et al., 2011; Wright et al., 2012)....
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...In summary, this study builds on a growing body of research indicating correspondence between the DSM-5 personality trait model and the FFM (De Fruyt et al., 2012; Krueger et al., 2011; Wright et al., 2012) by showing that common higher-order dimensions can be identified in a conjoint analysis of FFM and DSM-5 traits....
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...Rigid perfectionism, a facet of disinhibition in the DSM-5 proposal, also loaded highly on the neuroticism factor and has likewise loaded highly with negative affectivity in past research (Krueger et al., 2011; Wright et al., 2012), suggesting that this trait shares content with negative affectivity as well as disinhibition....
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...…of disinhibition in the DSM-5 proposal, also loaded highly on the neuroticism factor and has likewise loaded highly with negative affectivity in past research (Krueger et al., 2011; Wright et al., 2012), suggesting that this trait shares content with negative affectivity as well as disinhibition....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Delineating the Structure of Normal and Abnormal Personality: An Integrative Hierarchical Approach.

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Kristian E. Markon¹, Robert F. Krueger¹, David Watson²•Institutions (2)

University of Minnesota¹, University of Iowa²

01 Jan 2005-Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

TL;DR: A constructive replication approach was used to delineate an integrative hierarchical account of the structure of normal and abnormal personality, which integrates many Big Trait models proposed in the literature and provides insight into the nature of personality hierarchy more generally.

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Abstract: Increasing evidence indicates that normal and abnormal personality can be treated within a single structural framework. However, identification of a single integrated structure of normal and abnormal personality has remained elusive. Here, a constructive replication approach was used to delineate an integrative hierarchical account of the structure of normal and abnormal personality. This hierarchical structure, which integrates many Big Trait models proposed in the literature, replicated across a meta-analysis as well as an empirical study, and across samples of participants as well as measures. The proposed structure resembles previously suggested accounts of personality hierarchy and provides insight into the nature of personality hierarchy more generally. Potential directions for future research on personality and psychopathology are discussed.

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1,037 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Alternative dimensional models of personality disorder: finding a common ground.

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Thomas A. Widiger¹, Erik Simonsen•Institutions (1)

University of Kentucky¹

06 Jul 2005-Journal of Personality Disorders

TL;DR: The purpose of this article is to suggest that future research work toward the integration of these alternative proposals for a dimensional classification within a common hierarchical structure.

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Abstract: The recognition of the many limitations of the categorical model of personality disorder classification has led to the development of quite a number of alternative proposals for a dimensional classification. The purpose of this article is to suggest that future research work toward the integration of these alternative proposals within a common hierarchical structure. An illustration of a potential integration is provided using the constructs assessed within existing dimensional models. Suggestions for future research that will help lead toward a common, integrative dimensional model of personality disorder are provided.

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616 citations

"The convergent structure of DSM-5 p..." refers background in this paper

...This overlap between the structure of normal and pathological personality has important implications (Widiger & Simonsen, 2005; Wright et al., 2012)....
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...As Widiger and Simonsen (2005) stated, The inclusion of normative, adaptive traits [in the DSM-5] will facilitate the provision of a more comprehensive (and accurate) description of each patient’s general personality structure; it will facilitate an integration of the diagnostic manual with basic…...
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Journal Article•DOI•

The Hierarchical Structure of DSM-5 Pathological Personality Traits

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Aidan G. C. Wright¹, Katherine M. Thomas², Christopher J. Hopwood², Kristian E. Markon³, Aaron L. Pincus⁴, Robert F. Krueger⁵ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (5)

University of Pittsburgh¹, Michigan State University², University of Iowa³, Pennsylvania State University⁴, University of Minnesota⁵

26 Mar 2012-Journal of Abnormal Psychology

TL;DR: Beyond the description of individual differences in personality disorder, the trait dimensions might provide a framework for the metastructure of psychopathology in the DSM-5 and the integration of a number of ostensibly competing models of personality trait covariation.

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Abstract: A multidimensional trait system has been proposed for representing personality disorder (PD) features in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) to address problematic classification issues such as comorbidity. In this model, which may also assist in providing scaffolding for the underlying structure of major forms of psychopathology more generally, 25 primary traits are organized by 5 higher order dimensions: Negative Affect, Detachment, Antagonism, Disinhibition, and Psychoticism. We examined (a) the generalizability of the structure proposed for DSM-5 PD traits, and (b) the potential for an integrative hierarchy based upon DSM-5 PD traits to represent the dimensions scaffolding psychopathology more generally. A large sample of student participants (N 2,461) completed the Personality Inventory for DSM-5, which operationalizes the DSM-5 traits. Exploratory factor analysis replicated the initially reported 5-factor structure, as indicated by high factor congruencies. The 2-, 3-, and 4-factor solutions estimated in the hierarchy of the DSM-5 traits bear close resemblance to existing models of common mental disorders, temperament, and personality pathology. Thus, beyond the description of individual differences in personality disorder, the trait dimensions might provide a framework for the metastructure of psychopathology in the DSM-5 and the integration of a number of ostensibly competing models of personality trait covariation.

...read moreread less

386 citations

"The convergent structure of DSM-5 p..." refers background or result in this paper

...Research operationalizing the DSM-5 traits resulted in a condensed set of 25 trait scales that delineate five higher-order domains (Krueger, Derringer, Markon, Watson, & Skodol, 2011; Wright et al., 2012), listed in Table 1....
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...…affectivity (e.g., emotional lability, anxiousness), detachment (e.g., withdrawal, anhedonia), antagonism (e.g., manipulativeness, deceitfulness), disinhibition (e.g., impulsivity, irresponsibility), and psychoticism (e.g., eccentricity, unusual beliefs; Krueger et al., 2011; Wright et al., 2012)....
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...This DSM-5 structure is similar to the structure obtained in a previous study (Wright et al., 2012), of which it is important to note that participants in this study were a subset....
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...…builds on a growing body of research indicating correspondence between the DSM-5 personality trait model and the FFM (De Fruyt et al., 2012; Krueger et al., 2011; Wright et al., 2012) by showing that common higher-order dimensions can be identified in a conjoint analysis of FFM and DSM-5 traits....
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..., impulsivity, irresponsibility), and psychoticism (e.g., eccentricity, unusual beliefs; Krueger et al., 2011; Wright et al., 2012)....
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