The crystal structure of poly-p-phenylene sulphide
TL;DR: The structure of poly-p-phenylene sulphide has been determined through the application of X-ray diffraction methods as mentioned in this paper, and the structure appears to be similar to that of polyphenylene oxide, and the planes of the phenylene groups are alternately at +45° and −45° to the (100) plane.
About: This article is published in European Polymer Journal.The article was published on 1971-08-01. It has received 198 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Phenylene & Crystal structure.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors characterized self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed from thiophenol, 1,1'-biphenyl-4-thiol and anthracene-2 -thiol on polycrystalline Au and Ag.
Abstract: Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed from thiophenol, 1,1‘-biphenyl-4-thiol, 1,1‘;4‘,1‘ ‘-terphenyl-4-thiol, and anthracene-2-thiol on polycrystalline Au and Ag were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and angle-resolved near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. With the exception of the poorly defined thiophenol film on Au, all thioaromatic molecules were found to form highly oriented and densely packed SAMs on both substrates. The molecular orientation and orientational order of the adsorbed thioaromatic molecules depends on the number of aromatic rings, the substrate, and the rigidity of the aromatic system. The molecules, which on average are slightly inclined with respect to the surface normal, show a less tilted orientation with increasing length of the aromatic chain, and as observed for aliphatic SAMs, they exhibit smaller tilt angles on Ag than on Au. However, the difference in the tilt angles for aromatic SAMs on Au and Ag is smaller than that observed in the aliph...
296 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a model for the crystal and molecular structure of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) was proposed based on an X-ray diffraction study.
246 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the growth rates of spherulites were measured in poly(p-phenylene sulphide) crystallized from the melt and the quenched glass over the temperature range 100°C-280°C, possibly the most extensive overall range yet reported for any polymer and, as such, most propitious for study of regime III crystallization.
178 citations
TL;DR: A detailed overview on research in the area of IF-based polymer nanocomposites, with special emphasis on the use of inorganic fullerene-like (IF-WS2) nanoparticles as environmentally friendly reinforcing fillers is presented in this article.
151 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the condensation polymerization of alkali metal salts of p-halothiophenols and showed that the polymer chain end groups were more reactive than the monomers.
Abstract: Linear polyphenylene sulfide has been synthesized by the condensation polymerization of alkali metal salts of p-halothiophenols. The monomers investigated included the lithium, sodium and potassium salts of p-bromothiophenol and the sodium salts of p-fluoro-, p-chloro-, p-bromo-, and p-iodothiophenol. The mass polymerizations of these monomers were carried out below the melting points of the salts and appear to involve a solid state reaction. Rate measurements were made on the polymerization of these monomers in pyridine and on a model of the propagation reaction. In both cases, the order of reactivities of the sodium salts was I > Br > F ∼ Cl, and in the polymerization reaction, the order of reactivities of the alkali metal salts of p-bromothiophenol was K < Na < Li. Comparison of the rates of the polymerization and model reactions indicates that the reactivities of all functional groups were essentially identical for the iodo and bromo derivatives. However, this comparison indicated that for the chloro and fluoro derivatives, the polymer chain endgroups were more reactive than the monomers. This effect, termed preferential polymer formation, has been verified for the polymerization of sodium p-fluorothiophenoxide by the determination of unreacted monomer after the polymerization. Complete control of side reactions which lead to chain termination has not as yet been achieved for these condensation polymerization. Linear polyphenylene sulfide is kinetically stable in air and nitrogen up to 400°C. In nitrogen, a residue forms, representing approximately 50% of the original weight of the polymer, which is kinetically stable up to 900°C.
168 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the analytical constants for atomic scattering factors derived from self-consistent or variational wave functions and from Thomas-Fermi-Dirac statistics are tabulated.
Abstract: New and revised values of the analytical constants A, a, B, b, and C for both CuK alpha and MoK alpha radiation are presented. Analytical constants for atomic scattering factors derived from self-consistent or variational wave functions and from Thomas-Fermi-Dirac statistics are tabulated. (P.C.H.)
137 citations
TL;DR: Using X-ray diffraction, the structure of crystalline poly(p-phenylene oxide) has been determined as discussed by the authors, which is orthorhombic with dimensions: a = 8.07 A, b = 5.54 A, and c = 9.72 A.
Abstract: Using X-ray diffraction the structure of crystalline poly(p-phenylene oxide),
has been determined. The unit cell is orthorhombic, with the dimensions: a = 8.07 A, b = 5.54 A, and c (fiber axis) = 9.72 A. The unit cell contains four monomeric units. Two molecular chains pass through a unit cell, one through the center, the other through a corner. Two monomeric units are contained in the fiber identity period. The space group is Pbcn – D. The oxygen atoms and the centers of gravity of the phenylene groups are at special positions. The oxygen atoms of one molecular chain are arranged in a zig-zag manner in the (100) plane. The oxygen bond angle is about 124°. The rotation angle of the phenylene groups round the O–O axis has been determined by comparing calculated and observed intensities.
Die Struktur von kristallinem Poly(p-phenylenoxid),
wurde mit Hilfe von Rontgenstrahlbeugungsmethoden ermittelt. Die Einheitszelle ist orthorhombisch; die Dimensionen sind folgende: a = 8,07 A, b = 5,54 A und c (Faserachse) = 9,72 A. Die Einheitszelle enthalt vier monomere Einheiten. Zwei Molekulketten laufen durch eine Elementarzelle, eine durch das Zentrum und eine durch eine Ecke. Die Periode in der Richtung der Faserachse enthalt zwei monomere Einheiten. Die Raumgruppe ist Pbcn – D. Die Sauerstoffatome und die Zentren der Phenylengruppen befinden sich an speziellen Stellen. Die Sauerstoffatome einer Molekulkette sind in der (100)-Ebene im Zickzack angeordnet. Der Sauerstoffvalenzwinkel betragt etwa 124°. Der Rotationswinkel der Phenylengruppen um die OO-Achse herum wurde durch Vergleichen von berechneten und beobachteten Intensitaten ermittelt.
91 citations
TL;DR: In this article, thermal degradation of poly(p-phenylene sulfide), a poly(arylene sulfone), and a poly-sulfonate were subjected to thermal degradation in vacuo, at temperatures between 250 and 620°C.
Abstract: Poly(p-phenylene sulfide), a poly(arylene sulfone), and a poly(arylene sulfonate) were subjected to thermal degradation in vacuo, at temperatures between 250 and 620°C. The volatile and solid degradation products were analyzed by mass spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The major decomposition product of poly-(phenylene sulfide) is a condensate, which consists of di- and trimeric chain fragments, dibenzothiophene, and possibly thianthrene. The residual polymer loses two thirds of its sulfur as hydrogen sulfide, however, one third is retained even at 620°C. The most characteristic decomposition reaction of the polysulfone and of the polysulfonate is the almost complete removal of the sulfur as sulfur dioxide. The elimination of sulfur dioxide is practically complete at 450°C for the polysulfone and at 350°C for the polysulfonate.
78 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the properties of the Macallum homopolymerization and copolymerization with a linear polyphenylene sulfide polymer and a self-condensation of sodium p-chlorothiophenoxide, and found that the latter was essentially identical in all of these properties, even though the sulfur contents of the latter were generally higher by 15-20% of the amount present than in the linear polymer.
Abstract: Polymers prepared by the Macallum homopolymerization and copolymerization were compared to a linear phenylene sulfide polymer prepared by the self-condensation of sodium p-chlorothiophenoxide. The properties compared included solubility, softening point, melting point, x-ray diffraction pattern, infrared spectrum, and thermal stability. For the last named, both differential thermal analyses and thermal gravimetric analyses were obtained. The linear polyphenylene sulfide and the Macallum polymers were found to be essentially identical in all of these properties, even though the sulfur contents ofthe latter were generally higher by 15–20% of the amount present than in the linear polymer. Consideration of this identity and of the probable mechanism of the Macallum polymerization led to the postulation of a structure for the Macallum polymers consisting of a crosslinked core to which are attached more or less extended, linear chains.
52 citations