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The Development of Social Network Analysis: A Study in the Sociology of Science

23 Jul 2004-
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the process of centrifugally casting an article such as a tire or the like from a curable or hardenable liquid polymeric material, which process includes the steps of selecting a mold and placing a core within the mold which core is hollow and/or is readily deformable under pressure but which has sufficient memory to resume its original position when the pressure is removed.
Abstract: The process of centrifugally casting an article such as a tire or the like from a curable or hardenable liquid polymeric material, which process includes the steps of selecting a mold and placing a core within the mold which core is hollow and/or is readily deformable under pressure but which has sufficient memory to resume its original position when the pressure is removed. The article being formed is formed between the core and the mold. The space between the core and the mold is filled with the curable liquid material of which the article is to be formed and the hollow core is also filled with a liquid material. The liquid material in the hollow core, the material from which the core is constructed and the curable liquid material all have about the same specific gravity. The mold and core are rotated to centrifugally cast the article which is formed of the curable liquid material. The deformable core permits easy removal from the completed article and the matching of the specific gravities as aforementioned keeps the deformable core from distorting during the centrifugal casting operation. The order of introducing the liquid material into the core, introducing the curable liquid into the space between the mold and core and rotation of the mold and core can be varied within the limits as set forth in the following description. Variations in the structure for accomplishing the principle of matching specific gravities are illustrated and described.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A thorough exposition of community structure, or clustering, is attempted, from the definition of the main elements of the problem, to the presentation of most methods developed, with a special focus on techniques designed by statistical physicists.
Abstract: The modern science of networks has brought significant advances to our understanding of complex systems. One of the most relevant features of graphs representing real systems is community structure, or clustering, i. e. the organization of vertices in clusters, with many edges joining vertices of the same cluster and comparatively few edges joining vertices of different clusters. Such clusters, or communities, can be considered as fairly independent compartments of a graph, playing a similar role like, e. g., the tissues or the organs in the human body. Detecting communities is of great importance in sociology, biology and computer science, disciplines where systems are often represented as graphs. This problem is very hard and not yet satisfactorily solved, despite the huge effort of a large interdisciplinary community of scientists working on it over the past few years. We will attempt a thorough exposition of the topic, from the definition of the main elements of the problem, to the presentation of most methods developed, with a special focus on techniques designed by statistical physicists, from the discussion of crucial issues like the significance of clustering and how methods should be tested and compared against each other, to the description of applications to real networks.

9,057 citations


Cites background from "The Development of Social Network A..."

  • ...Indeed, social communities have been studied for a long time (Coleman, 1964; Freeman, 2004; Kottak, 2004; Moody and White, 2003)....

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  • ...Outlook 90 A. Elements of Graph Theory 92 1....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A thorough exposition of the main elements of the clustering problem can be found in this paper, with a special focus on techniques designed by statistical physicists, from the discussion of crucial issues like the significance of clustering and how methods should be tested and compared against each other, to the description of applications to real networks.

8,432 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a wide list of topics ranging from opinion and cultural and language dynamics to crowd behavior, hierarchy formation, human dynamics, and social spreading are reviewed and connections between these problems and other, more traditional, topics of statistical physics are highlighted.
Abstract: Statistical physics has proven to be a fruitful framework to describe phenomena outside the realm of traditional physics. Recent years have witnessed an attempt by physicists to study collective phenomena emerging from the interactions of individuals as elementary units in social structures. A wide list of topics are reviewed ranging from opinion and cultural and language dynamics to crowd behavior, hierarchy formation, human dynamics, and social spreading. The connections between these problems and other, more traditional, topics of statistical physics are highlighted. Comparison of model results with empirical data from social systems are also emphasized.

3,840 citations


Cites background from "The Development of Social Network A..."

  • ...A huge amount of work has been carried out about the so-called social network analysis (SNA), especially in the social science literature (Freeman, 2004; Granovetter, 1973, 1983; Moreno, 1934; Scott, 2000; Wasserman and Faust, 1994)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
13 Feb 2009-Science
TL;DR: The kinds of things that social scientists have tried to explain using social network analysis are reviewed and a nutshell description of the basic assumptions, goals, and explanatory mechanisms prevalent in the field is provided.
Abstract: Over the past decade, there has been an explosion of interest in network research across the physical and social sciences. For social scientists, the theory of networks has been a gold mine, yielding explanations for social phenomena in a wide variety of disciplines from psychology to economics. Here, we review the kinds of things that social scientists have tried to explain using social network analysis and provide a nutshell description of the basic assumptions, goals, and explanatory mechanisms prevalent in the field. We hope to contribute to a dialogue among researchers from across the physical and social sciences who share a common interest in understanding the antecedents and consequences of network phenomena.

3,423 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper proposes generalizations that combine tie strength and node centrality, and illustrates the benefits of this approach by applying one of them to Freeman’s EIES dataset.

2,713 citations


Cites background from "The Development of Social Network A..."

  • ...directly (Freeman, 2004; Wasserman and Faust, 1994)....

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  • ...Degree is a basic indicator and often used as a first step when studying networks (Freeman, 2004; McPherson et al., 2001; Wasserman and Faust, 1994)....

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  • ...Nevertheless, most social network measures are solely defined for binary situations and, thus, unable to deal with weighted networks directly (Freeman, 2004; Wasserman and Faust, 1994)....

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