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Journal ArticleDOI

The Development of the Rotary Kiln and Its Application to Various Chemical and Metallurgical Processes

01 Sep 1914-Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry (American Chemical Society)-Vol. 6, Iss: 9, pp 754-760
About: This article is published in Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.The article was published on 1914-09-01 and is currently open access. It has received 5 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Rotary kiln.

Summary (3 min read)

REVOLVING METALLURGICAL F U R K A C E S

  • The counterpart of this furnace is found in t h e metallurgical industry in t h e Bruckner ore roaster, largely used a t one time in this country for calcining chemical engineer, invented a revolving black ash and desulfurizing copper ores.
  • The apparatus became quite popular after this and was generally introduced into alkali works both in England and elsewhere.
  • The black ash furnace or "revolver" (Figs.
  • I n this way, t h e car can be connected with any furnace and allowed t o remain there until the sulfur ignites, when i t may be.

FIG. ~-SODA-ASR REVOLVER

  • Provided with two bearing rings or tires of steel which rested upon four small flanged wheels, or rollers.
  • The cylinder was revolved by means of a girth gear meshing with a pinion, which latter was driven by means of a small steam engine.
  • The cylinder was provided with openings a t either end, communicating with a furnace and a lye evaporator respectively.
  • The gases from t h e furnace passed through the cylinder and melted the charge, the cylinder being revolved meanwhile.
  • The waste gases passed over into the lye evaporator and the heat was utilized there.

FIG. 3-sIEMENS REVOLVING S T E E L FURNACE

  • These openings were then closed by suitable covers a n d when t h e charge was finished t h e covers were removed, the furnace tilted of Chemical Engineers, Troy, N. Y., June 17-20, 1914.
  • Of air allowed t o Pass through the first cylinder t o burn off the Sulfur.

T H E J O r R S d L O F I i V D l -S T R I A L

  • To the manufacture of steel direct from thf. ore and Danks. of Cincinnati, Ohio. about this time invented a rotary puddling furnace m 1 ich worked upon t h e same principle.
  • Crampton, another Englishman. in I8;z. took out a patent upon a rotary puddling furnace (Fig. 4 ). however, with powdered coal.
  • His furnace differed from those of Siemens and Danks in t h a t the cylinder was open a t one end only, the jet of fuel and air being blown in below while the gases passed out above.
  • Supported upon rollers and revolved b y gears, tilted slightly a t a n angle to the ho5zontal.
  • Ransome's process was given quite a prolonged trial a t a cement works a t Grays.

T H E J O U R N A L O F I ; V D C : S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y

  • They run each on heavy friction rollers made of cast steel, which are often mounted in pairs on a rocker.
  • The lower end of the kiln is closed by a hood into which the kiln projects.
  • Where oil or natural gas are cheaper they are always used as they are also the most convenient fuel.
  • Practica:!y all of t h e schemes tried for placing this ore in satisfactory condition for :he blasr iurnacc were unsrlti5f;.crory unci: :he roynry kiln !vas tricc!.
  • Siemens also mentions t h e use of his rotary furnace for burning lime.

R O A S T I X G O F B A U X I T E , C H E M I C A L S , E T C .

  • Producer gas is generally employed for heating such kilns, although oil or natural gas would be t h e most desirable fuel where either could be e mployed without too great expense.
  • One large chemical company has a rotary kiln plant for dehydrating salts containing chemically combined water.

B U R N I N G P Y R I T E S

  • Various other acid plants in Italy also use t h e rotary kiln for this purpose.
  • This plant, a t last accounts, was working successfully, burning a n ore which sometimes ran as low as 2 0 per cent sulfur without employing a n y auxiliary heat.

Thp material furnaces easily a n d without complications

  • T h e first proposition for potash does not seem t o promise much.
  • This experimental kiln is large enough t o approach very nearly plant coqditions a n d a n y results which \+e can obtain here should be easily obtainable in a large kiln.

FUTURE A P P L I C A T I O N S

  • I-The rotary kiln can be operated with far less labor t h a n other furnaces.
  • HIost water users, however, have one or more considerable peaks in their load requiring t h e delivery of large volumes of purified water during a short space of time.
  • During t h e past t e n years a great many softeners equipped with excelsior filters, affording storage capacity for one hour's flow (more or less)-sufficient for ordinary requirements of a n industrial or power plant-have been built.
  • This provision for storage capacity, while adequate t o serve t h e needs of most power plants, necessitates t h e use of raw water for.
  • To use raw water, pumped directly t o the feed water heater for boiler feed, for such a brief interval, is not especially objectionable.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors revisited the progress of the investigation of the characteristics of the pyrolysis of municipal waste in different types of reactors, especially in terms of the kinetics and the distribution of products.
Abstract: Pyrolysis is a promising process to convert municipal waste into fuels in solid, liquid or gaseous forms or value-added chemicals. The composition of pyrolysis products is affected by many factors, among which the configuration of the pyrolysis reactor is one of the essential parameters, as it influences the heat transfer, mass transfer, residence time of the reaction intermediates, interaction of the volatiles, etc. Up to now, there are varied types of pyrolysis reactors including the rotary-kiln, fixed-bed, batch and semi-batch, fluidized-bed, tubular, plasma and microwave that have been used in the pyrolysis of municipal waste. Each type of reactor has its own configuration and affects the pyrolysis process of municipal waste in distinct ways. There is a necessity for revisiting the progress of the investigation of the characteristics of the pyrolysis of municipal waste in different types of reactors, especially in terms of the kinetics of pyrolysis and the distribution of products. In addition, the techno-economic aspects of the pyrolysis of municipal waste in varied types of reactors are discussed, aiming to assess the potential for large-scale or commercial applications.

28 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a rotary kiln equipped with an external electrical heating system enables the study of the influence of various parameters such as the solid flow rate, the kiln inclination angle, the rotational speed, or the presence of lifters on heat exchange and in particular on the heat exchange coefficient between the solid and the wall.
Abstract: Rotary kilns are widely used in several branches of the chemical industry. In order to control the temperature of the solid and the gas flowing through the kiln, it is important to understand the heat exchange phenomena that occur. The design and construction of a novel experimental device to study heat exchange in rotary kilns is described. The device, which comprises a rotary kiln equipped with an external electrical heating system, enables the study of the influence of various parameters such as the solid flow rate, the kiln inclination angle, the rotational speed, or the presence of lifters on heat exchange and in particular on the heat exchange coefficient between the solid and the wall. Preliminary experimental results concerning the influence of the solid flow rate and the rotational speed on the solid-to-wall heat exchange coefficient are presented.

24 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the transverse flow of cohesive powders in rotary kilns equipped with lifters was studied experimentally and theoretically, and a constitutive law describing powder discharge was derived, involving a relationship between the volume fraction of powder contained in a lifter and the angular position of this lifter.

23 citations


Cites background from "The Development of the Rotary Kiln ..."

  • ...For over a century [1], rotary kilns have been widely used in the inorganic chemistry industry....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The axial and transverse solid distribution of a cohesive powder in flighted rotary kilns was calculated from an original method based on the lifter discharge law previously determined, geometrical calculations and supplementary measurements (in particular the fall velocity of the powder at high temperature) as discussed by the authors.

13 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...For over a century (Meade, 1914), rotary kilns have been widely used in the inorganic chemical industry....

    [...]

Fathi Habashi1
01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: The rotary kiln was invented in the middle of the nineteenth century as a continuous reactor to solve the problem of the tedious and high man power batch processes in the chemical industry.
Abstract: The rotary kiln was invented in the middle of the nineteenth century as a continuous reactor to solve the problem of the tedious and high man power batch processes in the chemical industry. It was then applied at the beginning of the twentieth century in the metallurgical industry and became later an essential reactor in both industries.