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The Development of Thought: Equilibration of Cognitive Structures
30 Nov 1977-
About: The article was published on 1977-11-30 and is currently open access. It has received 883 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Cognition.
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TL;DR: This lecture introduces exploratory search, relates it to relevant extant research, outline the features of exploratorySearch systems, discuss the evaluation of these systems, and suggest some future directions for supporting exploratorysearch.
Abstract: As information becomes more ubiquitous and the demands that searchers have on search systems grow, there is a need to support search behaviors beyond simple lookup. Information seeking is the process or activity of attempting to obtain information in both human and technological contexts. Exploratory search describes an information-seeking problem context that is open-ended, persistent, and multifaceted, and information-seeking processes that are opportunistic, iterative, and multitactical. Exploratory searchers aim to solve complex problems and develop enhanced mental capacities. Exploratory search systems support this through symbiotic human-machine relationships that provide guidance in exploring unfamiliar information landscapes. Exploratory search has gained prominence in recent years. There is an increased interest from the information retrieval, information science, and human-computer interaction communities in moving beyond the traditional turn-taking interaction model support d by major Web search engines, and toward support for human intelligence amplification and information use. In this lecture, we introduce exploratory search, relate it to relevant extant research, outline the features of exploratory search systems, discuss the evaluation of these systems, and suggest some future directions for supporting exploratory search. Exploratory search is a new frontier in the search domain and is becoming increasingly important in shaping our future world. Table of Contents: Introduction / Defining Exploratory Search / Related Work / Features of Exploratory Search Systems / Evaluation of Exploratory Search Systems / Future Directions and concluding Remarks
725 citations
Cites background from "The Development of Thought: Equilib..."
...Piaget (1978) recognized two types of conceptual change in knowledge acquisition: (1) assimilation: the addition of information to existing knowledge structures, and (2) accommodation: the modification or change of existing knowledge structures....
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TL;DR: The development and preliminary efficacy of a program designed to prevent depressive symptoms in at-risk 10-13 year-olds, and the findings to the current understanding of childhood depression are described.
552 citations
10 Jan 2008
TL;DR: A theoretical framework for describing how learning and collaborative knowledge building take place in a wiki is presented, which borrows from the systemic approach of Luhmann as well as from Piaget's theory of equilibration and combines these approaches.
Abstract: Wikis provide new opportunities for learning and for collaborative knowledge building as well as for understanding these processes. This article presents a theoretical framework for describing how learning and collaborative knowledge building take place. In order to understand these processes, three aspects need to be considered: the social processes facilitated by a wiki, the cognitive processes of the users, and how both processes influence each other mutually. For this purpose, the model presented in this article borrows from the systemic approach of Luhmann as well as from Piaget’s theory of equilibration and combines these approaches. The model analyzes processes which take place in the social system of a wiki as well as in the cognitive systems of the users. The model also describes learning activities as processes of externalization and internalization. Individual learning happens through internal processes of assimilation and accommodation, whereas changes in a wiki are due to activities of external assimilation and accommodation which in turn lead to collaborative knowledge building. This article provides empirical examples for these equilibration activities by analyzing Wikipedia articles. Equilibration activities are described as being caused by subjectively perceived incongruities between an individuals’ knowledge and the information provided by a wiki. Incongruities of medium level cause cognitive conflicts which in turn activate the described processes of equilibration and facilitate individual learning and collaborative knowledge building.
507 citations
Cites background from "The Development of Thought: Equilib..."
...A prominent approach that describes how people deal with new information is Piaget’s model of equilibration (Piaget 1970, 1977a and b)....
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TL;DR: It is proposed that the common ancestor of the great apes and man displayed rudimentary forms of late sensorimotor and early preoperational intelligence similar to that of one- to four-year-old children, which arose as adaptations for extractive foraging with tools, which requires a long postweaning apprenticeship.
Abstract: This paper presents a model for the nature and adaptive significance of intelligence and language in early hominids based on comparative developmental, ecological, and neurological data. We propose that the common ancestor of the great apes and man displayed rudimentary forms of late sensorimotor and early preoperational intelligence similar to that of one- to four-year-old children. These abilities arose as adaptations for extractive foraging with tools, which requires a long postweaning apprenticeship. They were elaborated in the first hominids with the shift to primary dependence on this feeding strategy. These first hominids evolved a protolanguage, similar to that of two-year-old human children, with which they could describe the nature and location of food and request help in obtaining it. The descendents of the first hominids displayed intuitive intelligence, similar to that of four- to seven-year-old children, which arose as an adaptation for complex hunting involving aimed-missile throwing, stone-tool manufacture, animal butchery, food division, and shelter construction. The comparative developmental and paleontological data are consistent with the hypothesis that the stages of development of intelligence and language and their neural substrates in our species recapitulate the stages of their evolution.
484 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a Cognitive-Affective Model of Conceptual Change (CAMC) is proposed to explain why teachers' beliefs about instruction are resistant to reforms that challenge their existing beliefs, and it provides a conceptual framework within which to devise a better means of advancing teachers' belief and supporting them in the process of implementation.
Abstract: What accounts for well-meaning teachers' lack of implementation of subject-matter reforms, such as making one's classroom centered on problem solving, even when they positively value the reform and believe they are implementing it in their classrooms? Teachers' subject-matter beliefs may constrain them from adopting practices that conflict with those beliefs. The purpose of this article is to propose a theoretical model, the Cognitive–Affective Model of Conceptual Change, that integrates key findings from overly cognitive models of belief change with motivational and affective factors found in social psychology theory and research. This model explains why teachers' beliefs about instruction are resistant to reforms that challenge their existing beliefs, and it provides a conceptual framework within which to devise a better means of advancing teachers' beliefs and supporting them in the process of implementation.
415 citations
Cites background from "The Development of Thought: Equilib..."
...Piaget’s process of equilibration is perhaps the most influential example of dissonance theory in the areas of educational and developmental psychology ( Piaget, 1977 )....
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