Book•
The Dialogical Mind: Common Sense and Ethics
01 Sep 2016-
TL;DR: In this paper, Markova presents an ethics of dialogicality as an alternative to the narrow perspective of individualism and cognitivism that has traditionally dominated the field of social psychology.
Abstract: Dialogue has become a central theoretical concept in human and social sciences as well as in professions such as education, health, and psychotherapy. This 'dialogical turn' emphasises the importance of social relations and interaction to our behaviour and how we make sense of the world; hence the dialogical mind is the mind in interaction with others - with individuals, groups, institutions, and cultures in historical perspectives. Through a combination of rigorous theoretical work and empirical investigation, Markova presents an ethics of dialogicality as an alternative to the narrow perspective of individualism and cognitivism that has traditionally dominated the field of social psychology. The dialogical perspective, which focuses on interdependencies among the self and others, offers a powerful theoretical basis to comprehend, analyse, and discuss complex social issues. Markova considers the implications of dialogical epistemology both in daily life and in professional practices involving problems of communication, care, and therapy.
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79 citations
09 May 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors trace the historical roots and current landmark work that have been shaping the field and categorize these works under three broad umbrellas: (i) those grounded in Western canonical philosophy, (ii) mathematical and statistical methods, and (iii) those emerging from critical data/algorithm/information studies.
Abstract: How has recent AI Ethics literature addressed topics such as fairness and justice in the context of continued social and structural power asymmetries? We trace both the historical roots and current landmark work that have been shaping the field and categorize these works under three broad umbrellas: (i) those grounded in Western canonical philosophy, (ii) mathematical and statistical methods, and (iii) those emerging from critical data/algorithm/information studies. We also survey the field and explore emerging trends by examining the rapidly growing body of literature that falls under the broad umbrella of AI Ethics. To that end, we read and annotated peer-reviewed papers published over the past four years in two premier conferences: FAccT and AIES. We organize the literature based on an annotation scheme we developed according to three main dimensions: whether the paper deals with concrete applications, use-cases, and/or people’s lived experience; to what extent it addresses harmed, threatened, or otherwise marginalized groups; and if so, whether it explicitly names such groups. We note that although the goals of the majority of FAccT and AIES papers were often commendable, their consideration of the negative impacts of AI on traditionally marginalized groups remained shallow. Taken together, our conceptual analysis and the data from annotated papers indicate that the field would benefit from an increased focus on ethical analysis grounded in concrete use-cases, people’s experiences, and applications as well as from approaches that are sensitive to structural and historical power asymmetries.
33 citations
TL;DR: This article argued that ubiquitous Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) systems are close descendants of the Cartesian and Newtonian worldview in so far as they are tools that fundamentally sort, categorize, and classify the world, and forecast the future.
Abstract: On the one hand, complexity science and enactive and embodied cognitive science approaches emphasize that people, as complex adaptive systems, are ambiguous, indeterminable, and inherently unpredictable. On the other, Machine Learning (ML) systems that claim to predict human behaviour are becoming ubiquitous in all spheres of social life. I contend that ubiquitous Artificial Intelligence (AI) and ML systems are close descendants of the Cartesian and Newtonian worldview in so far as they are tools that fundamentally sort, categorize, and classify the world, and forecast the future. Through the practice of clustering, sorting, and predicting human behaviour and action, these systems impose order, equilibrium, and stability to the active, fluid, messy, and unpredictable nature of human behaviour and the social world at large. Grounded in complexity science and enactive and embodied cognitive science approaches, this article emphasizes why people, embedded in social systems, are indeterminable and unpredictable. When ML systems "pick up" patterns and clusters, this often amounts to identifying historically and socially held norms, conventions, and stereotypes. Machine prediction of social behaviour, I argue, is not only erroneous but also presents real harm to those at the margins of society.
32 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the importance of generalisation from dialogical single case studies is explained and justified, drawing on historical, theoretical and cultural knowledge, and explaining the meaning of generalization from case studies.
Abstract: Drawing on historical, theoretical and cultural knowledge, this introduction explains and justifies the importance of generalisation from dialogical single case studies. We clarify the meaning of d...
30 citations
Cites background or methods from "The Dialogical Mind: Common Sense a..."
...As such, tensions between the holistic nature of the uniqueness and dynamics of ontologically interdependent Self–Other units, and the methodological tools with which such units are studied, remain (Grossen, 2010; Marková, 2016)....
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...Other units, and the methodological tools with which such units are studied, remain (Grossen, 2010; Marková, 2016)....
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...…to study dynamic and ethical interdependent units does not approach the construction of their case using a method of sampling that treats the Self as something other than an ethical being from whose unique communication with Others something important can be known (see also Marková, 2016)....
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References
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TL;DR: The work of Emmanuel Levinas, a prominent philosopher of the 20th century, poses compelling challenges to our current thinking about law and social policy, especially in relation to issues of suffering and need as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The article has two primary purposes. The first is to critique compassion as an ethical response to the person who is in need or suffering. Because of the problems associated with compassion's imaginative dwelling, its basis in equality, and the lack of any moral duty associated with it, I argue that we must be wary of thinking that compassion can be the caring response that many of us believe has a legitimate role in questions of law and social policy. Compassion has the potential to discount, devalue, and ignore people who are in need. I argue that compassion is not enough, and that it also misses the mark. The second purpose of the article is to discuss what might replace compassion as the proper ethical (and in certain contexts, legal) response to someone who is suffering. In this vein, I argue that the work of Emmanuel Levinas, a prominent philosopher of the 20th century, poses compelling challenges to our current thinking about law and social policy, especially in relation to issues of suffering and need, but also in relation to people who are not suffering, but commonly thought to be so, such as people with disabilities. As explained in the article, Levinas's writings provide for an orientation of welcome, alterity, rupture, and responsibility. His "ethics of radical responsibility" offers a compelling interruption to the traditional egocentric foundations of American law and the dim impulse of compassion that sometimes softens it.
15 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Vico's theory of education formulated against Cartesianism as discussed by the authors is a key figure for the preservation of the art of oratory, memory, and topics that have been crucial for the study of jurisprudence.
Abstract: Vico’s small, early work On the Study Methods of Our Time presents us with a complete theory of education formulated against Cartesianism. Descartes’ conception of clarity and certainty in human knowledge precludes from it all those forms of thinking that are traditionally placed under the heading of civil wisdom. The humanities generally, including jurisprudence, depend upon reasoning that proceeds from common sense and tradition and provides us with well-turned probabilities, not logical certainties. The modern world and our conception of systems of education with it are Cartesian. The art of oratory, the art of memory, and the art of topics that have always been crucial for the study of jurisprudence are no longer a part of education. Is it possible to resurrect them? If it is, Vico is a key figure for so doing. In my remarks that follow I wish to focus on two questions: (1) What is Vico’s conception of rhetorical speech? and (2) What implications does this conception have for education in the humanities and jurisprudence?
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a discussion of the qualitativexperimentelle methodologie des psychologen Frederic BARTLETT is presented, e.g., in the context of psychologischen Experimenten.
Abstract: In diesem Beitrag beschaftige ich mich mit psychologischen Experimenten zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts mit einem Schwerpunkt auf der qualitativ-experimentellen Methodologie des Psychologen Frederic BARTLETT. Zunachst kontextualisiere ich BARTLETTs Experimente in der kontinentalen Forschungstradition seiner Zeit, in der ein Ubergang stattfand von einem Fokus auf Elemente (das Interesse der Psychophysik) hin zu einem Fokus auf Ganzheit (das Interesse der Gestalt-Psychologie). Die definitorische Grundlage in BARTLETTs fruhen Experimenten war seine holistische Behandlung menschlicher Reaktionsweisen, d.h. Ausgangspunkt seiner Analyse war ein aktives Subjekt, das sich zu Material innerhalb spezifischer sozialer und physikalischer Bedingungen in Beziehung setzt. Hiermit gehen methodologische Prinzipien einher, die zeitgenossischen Konzepten des Experiments in der Psychologie zuwiderlaufen. Diese Diskrepanz wird weiter beleuchtet mit Blick auf die Geschichte der Replikationen und Erweiterungen seiner Experimente, wobei ich zeige, in welcher Weise seine Methodologie uber die Zeit verandert und missverstanden wurde. Ich schliese mit der Forderung zur (Wieder-) Nutzung einer offenen, qualitativen und idiografischen experimentellen Methodik ahnlich der von BARTLETT konzipierten. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1503239
15 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Les analyses linguistiques du discours rapporte, dans le domaine francais a l'interieur duquel nous situons cette contribution, se prolongent souvent aujourd'hui de remarques plus ou moins developpees sur des tours apparentes as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Les analyses linguistiques du discours rapporte, dans le domaine francais a l'interieur duquel nous situons cette contribution, se prolongent souvent aujourd'hui de remarques plus ou moins developpees sur des tours apparentes - le conditionnel, l'echo, l'ironie, etc. - relevant de ce que, a la suite de Bakhtine, nous nommerons dialogisme , comme si la premiere notion ne pouvait plus vraiment se concevoir en l'absence de certains marqueurs de la seconde, sans que pour autant les liens qui les relient soient pleinement explicites. Les deux notions sont-elles simplement connexes ? Relevent-elles au contraire du meme type de phenomene ? Les marques de dialogisme sont-elles des formes non prototypiques de discours rapporte ? A l'inverse, le discours rapporte est-il une forme parmi d'autres de dialogisme ? Autant de questions qui se posent et auxquelles le present article entend apporter des elements de reponse. Apres avoir analyse la facon dont quelques etudes actuelles mettent en rapport le discours rapporte avec certaines marques de dialogisme, nous avancerons l'hypothese selon laquelle le discours rapporte est une forme de dialogisme, hypothese a laquelle nous tâcherons d'apporter quelque credit en decrivant sommairement un cadre d'analyse qui vaille pour l'ensemble des phenomenes
15 citations