The Diffusion of Solids
TL;DR: In view of the interest attaching to the vaporisation and diffusion of solids, the following observations may be worthy of record as discussed by the authors, which may be seen as a good starting point for further research.
Abstract: IN view of the interest attaching to the vaporisation and diffusion of solids, the following observations may be worthy of record.
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TL;DR: A comprehensive survey of conduction phenomena in all components of a Li-ion cell incorporating theoretical, experimental, and simulation studies is presented in this paper, where the critical results, issues and challenges with respect to ionic and electronic conduction in the cathode, anode and electrolyte are discussed.
1,394 citations
Cites background from "The Diffusion of Solids"
...overning equation for diffusion and diffusion coefficients [47,48]....
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...1 in Table 2 [47,48]); the proportionality factor D is the diffusivity or diffusion coefficient (Eq....
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Pacific Northwest National Laboratory1, University of Michigan2, Royal Institution3, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory4, Massachusetts Institute of Technology5, Kyushu University6, Institute for Transuranium Elements7, Pennsylvania State University8, Los Alamos National Laboratory9, University of Cambridge10, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation11, Oak Ridge National Laboratory12
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art of radiation effects in crystalline ceramics that may be used for the immobilization of high-level nuclear waste and plutonium is provided in this article.
Abstract: This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the state-of-knowledge of radiation effects in crystalline ceramics that may be used for the immobilization of high-level nuclear waste and plutonium. The current understanding of radiation damage processes, defect generation, microstructure development, theoretical methods, and experimental methods are reviewed. Fundamental scientific and technological issues that offer opportunities for research are identified. The most important issue is the need for an understanding of the radiation-induced structural changes at the atomic, microscopic, and macroscopic levels, and the effect of these changes on the release rates of radionuclides during corrosion.
834 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe four criteria for the selection of alloying elements capable of producing castable, precipitation-strengthened Al alloys with high-temperature stability and strength.
Abstract: We describe four criteria for the selection of alloying elements capable of producing castable, precipitation-strengthened Al alloys with high-temperature stability and strength: these alloying elements must (i) be capable of forming a suitable strengthening phase, (ii) show low solid solubility in Al, (iii) low diffusivity in Al, and (iv) retain the ability for the alloy to be conventionally solidified. With regard to criterion (i), we consider those systems forming Al3M trialuminide compounds with a cubic L12 crystal structure, which are chemically and structurally analogous to Ni3Al in the Ni-based superalloys. Eight elements, clustered in the same region of the periodic table, fulfill criterion (i): the first Group 3 transition metal (Sc), the three Group 4 transition metals (Ti, Zr, Hf) and the four latest lanthanide elements (Er, Tm, Yb, Lu). Based on a review of the existing literature, these elements are assessed in terms of criteria (ii) and (iii), which satisfy the need for a dispersion...
498 citations
TL;DR: Recent progress in the synthesis of intermetallic nanocrystals with controllable sizes and well-defined shapes is highlighted and perspectives on future developments in the context of synthetic control, structure-property relationships, and applications are discussed.
Abstract: At the forefront of nanochemistry, there exists a research endeavor centered around intermetallic nanocrystals, which are unique in terms of long-range atomic ordering, well-defined stoichiometry, and controlled crystal structure. In contrast to alloy nanocrystals with no elemental ordering, it is challenging to synthesize intermetallic nanocrystals with a tight control over their size and shape. Here, recent progress in the synthesis of intermetallic nanocrystals with controllable sizes and well-defined shapes is highlighted. A simple analysis and some insights key to the selection of experimental conditions for generating intermetallic nanocrystals are presented, followed by examples to highlight the viable use of intermetallic nanocrystals as electrocatalysts or catalysts for various reactions, with a focus on the enhanced performance relative to their alloy counterparts that lack elemental ordering. Within the conclusion, perspectives on future developments in the context of synthetic control, structure-property relationships, and applications are discussed.
324 citations
Cites background from "The Diffusion of Solids"
...The rate of atom movement within a lattice, that is, the atom transport rate, D(T), can be calculated by considering random atomic jumping in Equation (7).([119-122]) The...
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31 Oct 2001-Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the microstructural evolution inside the shear bands and found that they exhibit a clear self-organization, with a characteristic spacing that is a function of a number of parameters.
Abstract: The plastic deformation of crystalline and non-crystalline solids incorporates microscopically localized deformation modes that can be precursors to shear localization. Shear localization has been found to be an important and sometimes dominant deformation and fracture mode in metals, fractured and granular ceramics, polymers, and metallic glasses at high strains and strain rates. Experiments involving the collapse of a thick walled cylinder enable controlled and reproducible application of plastic deformation at very high strain rates to specimens. These experiments were supplemented by hat-shaped specimens tested in a compression Hopkinson bar. The initiation and propagation of shear bands has been studied in metals (Ti, Ta, Ti–6Al–4V, and stainless steel), granular and prefractured ceramics (Al2O3 and SiC), a polymer (teflon) and a metallic glass (Co58Ni10Fe5Si11B16). The first aspect that was investigated is the microstructural evolution inside the shear bands. A fine recrystallized structure is observed in Ti, Cu, Al–Li, and Ta, and it is becoming clear that a recrystallization mechanism is operating. The fast deformation and short cooling times inhibit grain-boundary migration; it is shown, for the first time, that a rotational mechanism, presented in terms of dislocation energetics and grain-boundary reorientation, can operate within the time of the deformation process. In pre-fractured and granular ceramics, a process of comminution takes place when the particles are greater than a critical size ac. When they are smaller than ac, particle deformation takes place. For the granular SiC, a novel mechanism of shear-induced bonding was experimentally identified inside the shear bands. For all materials, shear bands exhibit a clear self-organization, with a characteristic spacing that is a function of a number of parameters. This self-organization is analyzed in terms of fundamental material parameters in the frame of Grady–Kipp (momentum diffusion), Wright–Ockendon, and Molinari (perturbation) models. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
316 citations
Cites background or result from "The Diffusion of Solids"
...The activation energy for grain boundary diffusion is approximately one half of that for lattice diffusion, and at T/Tm=0.5, the ratio between grain boundary coefficient of diffusion, DGB and lattice coefficient of diffusion, DL is: 107 DGB DL 108 These results are reported for FCC metals by Sutton and Balluffi [46] and Shewmon [47]....
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...These results are reported for FCC metals by Sutton and Balluffi [46] and Shewmon [47]....
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...5 nm Sutton and Balluffi[46] Shewmon[47] Grain boundary diffusion 10 m(2)/s T/Tm=0....
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...Ceramics Both fractured and granular ceramics undergo shear localization in deformation, and this is the di- Table 2 Parameters for Grain Boundary Rotation Parameter Value Source Grain boundary energy, Murr[48]0.625 J/m2 Grain boundary thickness, 0.5 nm Sutton and Balluffi[46] Shewmon[47]Grain boundary diffusion 10−12.3 m2/s T/Tm=0.5coefficient, DGB 10−13 m2/s T/Tm=0.45 10−14 m2/s T/Tm=0.4 10−15.5 m2/s T/Tm=0.35 L2d 4L2 =dV (28) dV is the volume transferred and L is the instantaneous length of the segment A’B’ (Fig....
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References
More filters
TL;DR: A comprehensive survey of conduction phenomena in all components of a Li-ion cell incorporating theoretical, experimental, and simulation studies is presented in this paper, where the critical results, issues and challenges with respect to ionic and electronic conduction in the cathode, anode and electrolyte are discussed.
1,394 citations
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory1, University of Michigan2, Royal Institution3, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory4, Massachusetts Institute of Technology5, Kyushu University6, Institute for Transuranium Elements7, Pennsylvania State University8, Los Alamos National Laboratory9, University of Cambridge10, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation11, Oak Ridge National Laboratory12
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art of radiation effects in crystalline ceramics that may be used for the immobilization of high-level nuclear waste and plutonium is provided in this article.
Abstract: This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the state-of-knowledge of radiation effects in crystalline ceramics that may be used for the immobilization of high-level nuclear waste and plutonium. The current understanding of radiation damage processes, defect generation, microstructure development, theoretical methods, and experimental methods are reviewed. Fundamental scientific and technological issues that offer opportunities for research are identified. The most important issue is the need for an understanding of the radiation-induced structural changes at the atomic, microscopic, and macroscopic levels, and the effect of these changes on the release rates of radionuclides during corrosion.
834 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe four criteria for the selection of alloying elements capable of producing castable, precipitation-strengthened Al alloys with high-temperature stability and strength.
Abstract: We describe four criteria for the selection of alloying elements capable of producing castable, precipitation-strengthened Al alloys with high-temperature stability and strength: these alloying elements must (i) be capable of forming a suitable strengthening phase, (ii) show low solid solubility in Al, (iii) low diffusivity in Al, and (iv) retain the ability for the alloy to be conventionally solidified. With regard to criterion (i), we consider those systems forming Al3M trialuminide compounds with a cubic L12 crystal structure, which are chemically and structurally analogous to Ni3Al in the Ni-based superalloys. Eight elements, clustered in the same region of the periodic table, fulfill criterion (i): the first Group 3 transition metal (Sc), the three Group 4 transition metals (Ti, Zr, Hf) and the four latest lanthanide elements (Er, Tm, Yb, Lu). Based on a review of the existing literature, these elements are assessed in terms of criteria (ii) and (iii), which satisfy the need for a dispersion...
498 citations
31 Oct 2001-Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the microstructural evolution inside the shear bands and found that they exhibit a clear self-organization, with a characteristic spacing that is a function of a number of parameters.
Abstract: The plastic deformation of crystalline and non-crystalline solids incorporates microscopically localized deformation modes that can be precursors to shear localization. Shear localization has been found to be an important and sometimes dominant deformation and fracture mode in metals, fractured and granular ceramics, polymers, and metallic glasses at high strains and strain rates. Experiments involving the collapse of a thick walled cylinder enable controlled and reproducible application of plastic deformation at very high strain rates to specimens. These experiments were supplemented by hat-shaped specimens tested in a compression Hopkinson bar. The initiation and propagation of shear bands has been studied in metals (Ti, Ta, Ti–6Al–4V, and stainless steel), granular and prefractured ceramics (Al2O3 and SiC), a polymer (teflon) and a metallic glass (Co58Ni10Fe5Si11B16). The first aspect that was investigated is the microstructural evolution inside the shear bands. A fine recrystallized structure is observed in Ti, Cu, Al–Li, and Ta, and it is becoming clear that a recrystallization mechanism is operating. The fast deformation and short cooling times inhibit grain-boundary migration; it is shown, for the first time, that a rotational mechanism, presented in terms of dislocation energetics and grain-boundary reorientation, can operate within the time of the deformation process. In pre-fractured and granular ceramics, a process of comminution takes place when the particles are greater than a critical size ac. When they are smaller than ac, particle deformation takes place. For the granular SiC, a novel mechanism of shear-induced bonding was experimentally identified inside the shear bands. For all materials, shear bands exhibit a clear self-organization, with a characteristic spacing that is a function of a number of parameters. This self-organization is analyzed in terms of fundamental material parameters in the frame of Grady–Kipp (momentum diffusion), Wright–Ockendon, and Molinari (perturbation) models. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
316 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the diffusion coefficients of Co, Cr, Fe and Mn tracers were determined in polycrystalline CoCrFeNi and CoCr FeMnNi HEAs using the radiotracer method in the temperature interval of 1073-1373 K.
283 citations