The distribution of chromium 51-labelled lymphoid cells in the mouse: A survey of anatomical compartments
TL;DR: It is proposed that the liver component probably consists of macrophages and dead and dying cells, as well as hematopoietic precursors, and quantitive estimations of the size of the recirculating and nonrecirculating compartmental components are made.
About: This article is published in Cellular Immunology.The article was published on 1970-05-01. It has received 94 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Lymph node stromal cell & Lymph node.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate that the lymphocyte integrin alpha 4 beta 7, also implicated in homing to Peyer's patches and the intestinal lamina propria, is a receptor for MAdCAM-1.
1,374 citations
TL;DR: B and T blasts from MLN and TDL have, in contrast to blasts from the peripheral lymph nodes, a marked tendancy to home in the gut, and migrate as well in a graft of fetal intestine as in the recipient's own gut, indicating that this selective accumulation is not the result of a mechanism recognizing antigen absorbed from the gut lumen.
Abstract: The nature of the lymphoid cells and blasts (i.e. cells labeled in vitro with [3H]-thymidine) of the Peyer's patches (PP), mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and thoracic duct lymph (TDL) has been studied by combined immunofluorescence and radioautography, using antisera directed against T (MSLA) or B (MBLA) cell antigenic determinants, or against various Ig chains. The migration pattern of these various cell populations after transfer to syngeneic mice or rats was determined by radioactivity counting and radioautography and the nature of the homed cells was studied by combined immunofluorescence and radioautography. B and T blasts from MLN and TDL have, in contrast to blasts from the peripheral lymph nodes, a marked tendancy to home in the gut, and migrate as well in a graft of fetal intestine as in the recipient's own gut, indicating that this selective accumulation is not the result of a mechanism recognizing antigen absorbed from the gut lumen.
The gut-homing B blasts are cells bearing surface IgA (sIgA) and containing intracellular IgA, which transform into IgA plasam cells in the lamina propria. Evidence is discussed that the progenitors of the intestinal IgA plasma cells are proliferating sIgA cells from the PP geerminal centers, which migrate via lymphatics to MLN and TDL and mature during this migration, acquiring intracellular IgA chains as well as a gut-homing mechanism which might be related to this increased IgA synthesis.
The gut-homing T blasts migrate both in the lamina propria and the intestinal epithelium. Most, if not all, the intraepithelial lymphocytes of the gut mucosa appear to be T lymphocytes derived from rapidly dividing cells. Evidence is presented for the existence in the lymphoid system of two types of T blasts, one that is circulating and has a marked tendancy to home to the gut, and a second that does not home to the gut and may be sessile.
367 citations
TL;DR: The homing properties of circulating lymphocytes were investigated using TDL from normal and T cell-depleted mice as relatively pure sources of T and B cells, respectively and 3HU-labeled T cells were found to recirculate rapidly from blood to lymph, while labelled B cells recirculated only very slowly.
310 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–specific T cells transduced with vectors encoding herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) selectively accumulate radiolabeled 2′-fluoro-2′-deoxy-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-iodouracil (FIAU) in tumors and tissues.
Abstract: New technologies are needed to characterize the migration, survival, and function of antigen-specific T cells in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)--specific T cells transduced with vectors encoding herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) selectively accumulate radiolabeled 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxy-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-iodouracil (FIAU). After adoptive transfer, HSV-TK+ T cells labeled in vitro or in vivo with [131I]FIAU or [124I]FIAU can be noninvasively tracked in SCID mice bearing human tumor xenografts by serial images obtained by scintigraphy or positron emission tomography (PET), respectively. These T cells selectively accumulate in EBV+ tumors expressing the T cells' restricting HLA allele but not in EBV- or HLA-mismatched tumors. The concentrations of transduced T cells detected in tumors and tissues are closely correlated with the concentrations of label retained at each site. Radiolabeled transduced T cells retain their capacity to eliminate targeted tumors selectively. This technique for imaging the migration of ex vivo-transduced antigen-specific T cells in vivo is informative, nontoxic, and potentially applicable to humans.
222 citations
TL;DR: Exercise induces a substantial re-distribution of T-cells within lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs and may enhance the immune vigilance in these compartments which serve as the body's major defence barriers, this paper suggests.
Abstract: Acute exercise is known for causing considerable changes in leukocyte counts and function. In this paper we report that differentiated changes in T-lymphocyte distribution occur in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs depending on the type and the intensity of exercise. Using fluorescent cell tracking we observed a release of T-cells from the spleen while lung, bone marrow and Peyer's patches served as target organs. The number of T-cells in the blood rose after intensive running while lymphopenia occurred after swimming exercise. Changes in number of labelled T-cells were neither found in the lymph nodes nor in the thymus regardless of exercise protocol. Following an alpha- or beta-blockade, the exercise-induced release of T-cells from the spleen and the accumulation of T-cells in the lung were inhibited while the enhancement of T-cells in the Peyer's patches was not affected. The administration of epinephrine partially mimicked the effects of exercise and resulted in a release of T-cells from both, the spleen and the liver, as well as in an increase of circulating blood T-cells. In conclusion, exercise induces a substantial re-distribution of T-cells within lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. The migrating properties of T-cells could be partially explained by adrenergic mechanisms associated with exercise while the involvement of certain homing receptors remains to be shown. Our results suggest that the accumulation of T-cells in both, lung and Peyer's patches, may enhance the immune vigilance in these compartments which serve as the body's major defence barriers.
177 citations
References
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TL;DR: The usefulness of the method is shown by demonstrating its success with suspensions of mouse spleen cells and with a hemorrhagic ascites sarcoma.
Abstract: SUMMARYThe 51Cr-release assay for measurement of cytotoxic reactions, with its many advantages, has hitherto been applicable only to mouse cell types which occur free from contamination with erythrocytes. A simple method is presented which can selectively lyse contaminating erythrocytes from tissue
654 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that thoracic duct lymph contains a mixture of cell types: some are hemolysin-forming cell precursors and others are antigen-reactive cells which can interact with antigen and initiate the differentiation of hemoly sin-forming Cell precursor to antibody-forming cells.
Abstract: An injection of viable thymus or thoracic duct lymphocytes was absolutely essential to enable a normal or near-normal 19S liemolysin-forming cell response in the spleens of neonatally thymectomized mice challenged with sheep erythrocytes. Syngeneic thymus lymphocytes were as effective as thoracic duct lymphocytes in this system and allogeneic or semiallogeneic cells could also reconstitute their hosts. No significant elevation of the response was achieved by giving either bone marrow cells, irradiated thymus or thoracic duct cells, thymus extracts or yeast. Spleen cells from reconstituted mice were exposed to anti-H2 sera directed against either the donor of the thymus or thoracic duct cells, or against the neonatally thymectomized host. Only isoantisera directed against the host could significantly reduce the number of hemolysin-forming cells present in the spleen cell suspensions. It is concluded that these antibody-forming cells are derived, not from the inoculated thymus or thoracic duct lymphocytes, but from the host. Thoracic duct cells from donors specifically immunologically tolerant of sheep erythrocytes had a markedly reduced restorative capacity in neonatally thymectomized recipients challenged with sheep erythrocytes. These results have suggested that there are cell types, in thymus or thoracic duct lymph, with capacities to react specifically with antigen and to induce the differentiation, to antibody-forming cells, of hemolysin-forming cell precursors derived from a separate cell line present in the neonatally thymectomized hosts.
564 citations
TL;DR: The aim of the present investigation was to discover the mechanism by which the intravenous infusion of living lymphocytes influenced the output of lymphocytes from the thoracic duct by determining the fate of thorACic duct lymphocytes after their transfusion into the blood.
Abstract: In all the mammalian species which have so far been examined, large numbers of lymphocytes enter the blood each day from the main lymphatic vessels in the neck (reviewed by Yoffey & Courtice, 1956). In the rat, for example, enough lymphocytes enter the blood from the thoracic duct to replace all those in the blood about 11 times daily (Gowans, 1957a). This is a minimum estimate of the actual daily replacement since it ignores the contribution from the lymphatics which drain the head, neck, forelimbs and thorax; taking these into account Whaler & Widdicombe (1956) estimated that the average time spent by lymphocytes in the blood of the rat was probably less than one hour. Many theories have been advanced to explain this rapid turnover of lymphocytes in the blood but none of them has good experimental support (Yoffey & Courtice, 1956; Florey & Gowans, 1958; Trowell, 1958). In a previous paper (Gowans, 1957 a) it was shown that in order to maintain the output of lymphocytes from a thoracic duct fistula in an unanaesthetized rat it was necessary to re-infuse continuously into the blood all the lymphocytes which issued from the fistula. When either cell-free lymph or lymph which contained killed lymphocytes was re-infused a profound fall in the output of cells from the thoracic duct eventually occurred, similar to that described by Mann & Higgins (1950) in rats which received no intravenous replacement of either cells or fluid. The aim of the present investigation was to discover the mechanism by which the intravenous infusion of living lymphocytes influenced the output of lymphocytes from the thoracic duct. Essentially, this aim was achieved by determining the fate of thoracic duct lymphocytes after their transfusion into the blood. Preliminary accounts of these experiments have already been given (Gowans, 1957 b, 1958).
443 citations
TL;DR: The viability of column-separated cells was shown by their non-staining with trypan blue, motility, phagocytic ability, oxygen consumption, and survival or development in tissue culture, whereas Nowell’s blast-like, dividing, phytohemagglutinin cells were produced only in cultures containing lymphocytes.
437 citations
TL;DR: In the newborn, the kinetic pattern is similar to that of adults, with the single distinction that large cells also migrate, accelerating the tempo of migration in these hosts, and the long-term fate and function of thymus cell migrants has not yet been determined.
Abstract: The preceding studies have established the following points: Intrathymic labeling of thymic lymphocytes provides an adequate marker system to detect the migration of thymus cells to peripheral lymphoid sites. In the newborn, this comprises a major portion of the total lymphocyte population in lymph nodes and spleen. In the adult, this migration is limited to specific portions of lymph nodes and spleen, i.e., those portions which serve the recirculating pool of small lymphocytes. Kinetic studies of labeling within the adult thymus indicate that large cells give rise to medium and small cells, which then migrate to the specific sites noted above. In the newborn, the kinetic pattern is similar to that of adults, with the single distinction that large cells also migrate, accelerating the tempo of migration in these hosts. The long-term fate and function of thymus cell migrants has not yet been determined.
343 citations