The distribution of mass in the planetary system and solar nebula
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of the solar nebula is constructed by adding the solar complement of light elements to each planet, using recent models of planetary compositions, and uncertainties in this approach are estimated.
Abstract: A model ‘solar nebula’ is constructed by adding the solar complement of light elements to each planet, using recent models of planetary compositions. Uncertainties in this approach are estimated. The computed surface density varies approximately asr
−3/2. Mercury, Mars and the asteroid belt are anomalously low in mass, but processes exist which would preferentially remove matter from these regions. Planetary masses and compositions are generally consistent with a monotonic density distribution in the primordial solar nebula.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a self-consistent, interactive simulation of the formation of the giant planets, in which for the first time both the gas and planetesimal accretion rates were calculated in a selfconsistent and interactive fashion.
2,931 citations
TL;DR: High-contrast observations with the Keck and Gemini telescopes have revealed three planets orbiting the star HR 8799, with projected separations of 24, 38, and 68 astronomical units.
Abstract: Direct imaging of exoplanetary systems is a powerful technique that can reveal Jupiter-like planets in wide orbits, can enable detailed characterization of planetary atmospheres, and is a key step toward imaging Earth-like planets. Imaging detections are challenging because of the combined effect of small angular separation and large luminosity contrast between a planet and its host star. High-contrast observations with the Keck and Gemini telescopes have revealed three planets orbiting the star HR 8799, with projected separations of 24, 38, and 68 astronomical units. Multi-epoch data show counter clockwise orbital motion for all three imaged planets. The low luminosity of the companions and the estimated age of the system imply planetary masses between 5 and 13 times that of Jupiter. This system resembles a scaled-up version of the outer portion of our solar system.
1,966 citations
01 Jun 1995
1,859 citations
Cites methods from "The distribution of mass in the pla..."
...…we use the prescription with increasing distance from the Sun because of the dependence of V on a and because s is expected to decrease with increasing a (Safronov 1969, Weidenschilling 1977). iH 5 vescp Ï3VRH (5) Time scale estimates for the Uranus/Neptune region exceed 109 years (Safronov 1969)....
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors derive hydrostatic, radiative equilibrium models for passive disks surrounding T Tauri stars, where each disk is encased by an optically thin layer of superheated dust grains.
Abstract: We derive hydrostatic, radiative equilibrium models for passive disks surrounding T Tauri stars. Each disk is encased by an optically thin layer of superheated dust grains. This layer reemits directly to space about half the stellar energy it absorbs. The other half is emitted inward and regulates the interior temperature of the disk. The heated disk flares. As a consequence, it absorbs more stellar radiation, especially at large radii, than a flat disk would. The portion of the spectral energy distribution contributed by the disk is fairly flat throughout the thermal infrared. At fixed frequency, the contribution from the surface layer exceeds that from the interior by about a factor 3 and is emitted at more than an order of magnitude greater radius. Spectral features from dust grains in the superheated layer appear in emission if the disk is viewed nearly face-on.
1,642 citations
Cites methods from "The distribution of mass in the pla..."
...Our fiducial disk has surface mass density similar to that of the minimum-mass solar nebula, Σ = a −3/2 AU Σ 0 , where a AU is the disk radius measured in AU and Σ 0 = 10 3 g cm −2 (Weidenschilling 1977)....
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, a multwavelength submillimeter survey of 153 young stellar objects in the Taurus-Auriga star formation region is presented, with a detection rate of 61% to a completeness limit of 10 mJy (3 � ) at850� m.
Abstract: We present a sensitive, multiwavelength submillimeter continuum survey of 153 young stellar objects in the Taurus-Auriga star formation region. The submillimeter detection rate is 61% to a completeness limit of � 10 mJy (3 � )at850� m.Theinferredcircumstellardiskmassesarelognormallydistributedwithameanmassof � 5 ; 10 � 3 M� and a large dispersion (0.5 dex). Roughly one-third of the submillimeter sources have disk masses larger than the minimalnebulafromwhichthesolarsystemformed.Themediandisk-to-starmassratiois0.5%.Theempiricalbehavior of the submillimeter continuum is best described as F� / � 2:0� 0:5 between 350 � m and 1.3 mm, which we argue is duetothecombinedeffectsofthefractionofopticallythickemissionandaflatterfrequencybehavioroftheopacity compared to the interstellar medium. The latter effect could be due to a substantial population of large dust grains, which presumably would have grown through collisional agglomeration. In this sample, the only stellar property that is correlated with the outer disk is the presence of a companion. We find evidence for significant decreases in submillimeterfluxdensities,diskmasses,andsubmillimetercontinuumslopesalongthecanonicalinfraredspectral energy distribution evolution sequence for young stellar objects. The fraction of objects detected in the submillimeter isessentially identicalto the fractionwith excessnear-infrared emission,suggestingthatdustin the inner and outer disks is removed nearly simultaneously.
939 citations
References
More filters
Book•
01 Jan 1972
1,509 citations
TL;DR: The present status of abundance information for elements in meteorites and in the Sun is reviewed, and a new table of abundances of the elements, which should be characteristic of the primitive solar nebula, is compiled and presented.
Abstract: The present status of abundance information for elements in meteorites and in the Sun is reviewed, and a new table of abundances of the elements, which should be characteristic of the primitive solar nebula, is compiled and presented. Special attention is called to the elemental abundances in the silicon-to-calcium region, where many of the abundances are rather poorly determined, and where these abundances have an impact on theories of nucleosynthesis of the elements. To each elemental isotope is assigned a mechanism of nucleosynthesis which may have been responsible for production of most of that isotope, and brief comments are made concerning the present status of understanding of the different mechanisms of nucleosynthesis.
825 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the observed density trends in the inner solar system need not be the result of special fractionation processes, and that the densities of the terrestrial planets may be direct results of simultaneous application of both physical and chemical restraints on the structure of the nebula, most notably the variation of temperature with heliocentric distance.
341 citations
256 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the equations giving force balance in the radial and vertical directions in the primitive solar nebula are developed. And the rate at which gaseous dissipation should occur within the solar nebular, producing the sun by inward flow of matter, is discussed.
216 citations