The effect of heat treatment on the structure and abrasive wear resistance of autocatalytic NiP and NiP–SiC coatings
TL;DR: In this article, a systematic study on the relationship between the structure and abrasive wear resistance of autocatalytic nickel-phosphorus coatings (particle-free and SiC composite) with different phosphorus contents and under different thermal treatments (i.e. 300, 400 and 500°C) has been performed.
Abstract: A systematic study on the relationships between the structure and abrasive wear resistance of autocatalytic nickel–phosphorus coatings (particle-free and SiC composite) with different phosphorus contents (i.e. 2.5–10.2 wt.% P) and under different thermal treatments (i.e. 300, 400 and 500°C) has been performed. The phase structure, composition and properties of the coatings could be controlled by changing the phosphorus content of the nickel–phosphorus matrix and by performing thermal treatments. The improvement in abrasive wear behaviour of the nanocrystalline (i.e. ≤6.0 wt.% P) coatings with heat treatment temperature up to 400°C was related to (i) the formation of a metastable equilibrium phase and (ii) precipitation of Ni 3 P compound. At higher thermal treatments (500°C), a change in the deformation mechanisms (Orowan mechanism) determined by the coarsening of Ni 3 P precipitates was associated with the decrease in abrasive wear resistance of the coatings. In addition, for the NiP–SiC coatings after annealing at 500°C, Ni 3 Si was formed and the adhesion between the reinforcement and the matrix was enhanced.
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TL;DR: The development of metal deposition processes based on electroless nickel, alloy and composite coatings on various surfaces has witnessed a surge in interest among researchers, with many recent applications made possible from many excellent properties as mentioned in this paper.
680 citations
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...[127] observed the SiC reflection in the XRD pattern of as-deposited electroless Ni-P-SiC composite coating and...
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors outline the development of electroless Ni-P composite coatings and highlight the method of formation, mechanism of particle incorporation, factors influencing particle incorporation and the effect of incorporation on the structure, hardness, friction, wear and abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance, high temperature oxidation resistance, and their applications.
Abstract: This review outlines the development of electroless Ni–P composite coatings. It highlights the method of formation, mechanism of particle incorporation, factors influencing particle incorporation, effect of particle incorporation on the structure, hardness, friction, wear and abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance, high temperature oxidation resistance of electroless Ni–P composite coatings as well as their applications. The improvement in surface properties offered by such composite coatings will have a significant impact on numerous industrial applications and in the future they will secure a more prominent place in the surface engineering of metals and alloys.
359 citations
TL;DR: A review of the available literature relating to the emerging research into the performance of coatings under combined wear and corrosion conditions is presented in this paper, which reveals the need for a more considered approach to tribo-corrosion testing and the way in which the results are analysed and presented.
Abstract: This paper reviews the available literature relating to the emerging research into the performance of coatings under combined wear and corrosion conditions. Understanding how coatings perform under these tribo-corrosion conditions is essential if the service life of equipment is to be predicted and to allow service life to be extended. Therefore, the tribo-corrosion performance of coatings deposited by a variety of techniques is discussed and the main mechanisms associated with their degradation under combined wear and corrosion highlighted. Coating composition, microstructure, defect level, adhesion, cohesion and substrate properties are seen as some of the critical elements in coating performance when subjected to tribo-corrosion contacts. The importance of post-coating deposition treatments such as laser resurfacing and sealing are also discussed. Interactions between wear and corrosion mechanisms are identified along with some models and mapping techniques that aim to inform coating selection and predict performance. Recent investigations into mono-layer as well as multilayered and functionally graded coatings are reviewed as candidates for wear–corrosion resistant surfaces. The review reveals the need for a more considered approach to tribo-corrosion testing and the way in which the results are analysed and presented. For example, the test conditions should be appropriate to the coating system under test; the level of in situ instrumentation deployed and the post-test analysis of in situ electrochemical data should be carefully selected as well as details given of the composition of any surface tribofilms formed and the identification of the degradation mechanisms.
200 citations
TL;DR: In this article, hardness and wear resistance of two types of electroless coating have been investigated including Ni-P and Ni−P-Al 2 O 3 coatings, which were applied on AISI 1045 steel discs by electroless deposition process and then they were heat treated at 200, 400 and 600°C for 1h.
164 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between the properties of composite coatings prepared on Q235 steel and the SiC content of electroless Ni-P-SiC composite composites has been verified.
Abstract: To verify the relationship between the properties of composite coatings prepared on Q235 steel and the SiC content of electroless Ni–P–SiC composite coatings, systematic experiments with varied SiC contents and surfactants have been conducted. The experimental results indicated the approximate linear relation between the SiC content and the hardness of composite coatings. With the increasing of SiC content, wear resistance increases correspondingly. In particular, the effect of SiC content on the corrosion resistance of Ni–P–SiC composite coatings immersed in different corrosive solutions (i.e. 5% H2SO4, 20% NaOH and 3.5% NaCl) is explored, followed by a comparative analysis of the corrosion resistance between Ni–P and Ni–P–SiC coatings. Corrosion test indicates that NaOH solution makes no differences in the corrosion resistance between Ni–P coatings and electroless Ni–P–SiC composite coatings, both being uncorroded. Exposed to NaCl solution, the corrosion resistance of electroless Ni–P–SiC composite coatings decreases gradually with the increasing of SiC content in coatings. In H2SO4 solution, the corrosion resistance of coatings increases initially and decreases afterwards with the sustained increasing of SiC content in coatings, and the optimized corrosion resistance is obtained at a SiC content of 9.41 wt.%. Finally, a competent electroless Ni–P–SiC composite plating process producing a high wear resistance and sound corrosion resistance of the coatings is obtained.
116 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1966TL;DR: Abrasive and other types of wear include: adhesives, lubrication, friction, and adhesion, as well as material properties that influence surface interaction as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Material Properties That Influence Surface Interactions. Surface Interactions. Friction. Types of Wear. Adhesive Wear. Abrasive and Other Types of Wear. Lubrication. Adhesion. Appendix. Sample Problems. Index.
3,042 citations
Book•
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01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: In this article, an introductory source aimed at practicing engineers and material scientists, the text explains how to use phase diagrams, and more than 1,000 binary and 300 ternary diagrams included cover most commercial alloy systems; compositions are presented in weight percent.
Abstract: An introductory source aimed at practicing engineers and material scientists, the text explains how to use phase diagrams. The more than 1,000 binary and 300 ternary diagrams included cover most commercial alloy systems; compositions are presented in weight percent. Appendices include the melting and boiling points of the elements, their allotropic transformation and magnetic transition temperatures and their crystal structures.
2,882 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarize the basic physical concepts and the microstructural features of equilibrium and non-equilibrium nanostructured materials (NsM) and make an attempt to summarize their properties.
2,629 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the deformation of nanocrystalline copper has been studied and it is shown that the hardness and yield stress of the material typically increase with decreasing grain size, a phenomenon known as the reverse Hall-Petch effect.
Abstract: Nanocrystalline solids, in which the grain size is in the nanometre range, often have technologically interesting properties such as increased hardness and ductility. Nanocrystalline metals can be produced in several ways, among the most common of which are high-pressure compaction of nanometre-sized clusters and high-energy ball-milling1,2,3,4. The result is a polycrystalline metal with the grains randomly orientated. The hardness and yield stress ofthe material typically increase with decreasing grain size, a phenomenon known as the Hall–Petch effect5,6. Here we present computer simulations of the deformation of nanocrystalline copper, which show a softening with grain size (a reverse Hall–Petch effect3,7) for the smallest sizes. Most of the plastic deformation is due to a large number of small ‘sliding’ events of atomic planes at the grain boundaries, with only a minor part being caused by dislocation activity in the grains; the softening that we see at small grain sizes is therefore due to the larger fraction of atoms at grain boundaries. This softening will ultimately impose a limit on how strong nanocrystalline metals may become.
1,550 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: Körber as mentioned in this paper presented a quantitative analysis of the distribution of stress in the transition zone between the rolls and the stock being rolled, based on the results of determinations along the roll-gap of the pressure created at the surface of contact between the tool and the material.
Abstract: DR. F. KÖRBER, director of the Kaiser Wilhelm-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, delivered the twenty-second annual May lecture of the Institute of Metals in London on May 11, on “The Plastic Deformation of Metals”. Basing his remarks on the results of a series of investigations conducted at Düsseldorf during recent years, Dr. Körber dealt with the stress relationships and also with the course of the flow of the material during the most important of the mechanical shaping processes. Discussions were entered into on the conditions requisite for the commencement of plastic flow and also on the possibility of drawing conclusions from the resulting flow phenomena as to the distribution of stress in the material at the inception of deformation. The disturbances in the material in consequence of the more marked deformations in drawing, extrusion, and rolling were traced by a suitable method of investigation. The results were compared with the deformation structures obtained by X-ray methods. The knowledge of the deformation processes so obtained enabled conclusions to be drawn as to the energy or power used in the shaping operations. An exact analysis of the course of deformation in the transition zone led to estimates of the internal losses during the alterations in form. Quantitative treatment of the stress relationships which occurred in the zone of deformation is possible in so far as the pressure created at the surface of contact between the tool and the material is known by actual measurements. From the results of determinations along the roll-gap of the pressure between the rolls and the stock being rolled, a complete quantitative presentation of the distribution of stress in the transition zone between the rolls has been formulated.
1,034 citations