The effect of preceding and following auditory stimuli on response times to visual stimuli
TL;DR: The problem of identifying an appropriate reference against which to judge whether responses are delayed or facilitated is discussed, and an ad hoc energy-summation model of intersensory facilitation is developed.
About: This article is published in Acta Psychologica.The article was published on 1970-01-01. It has received 29 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Interstimulus interval & Stimulus (physiology).
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327 citations
TL;DR: Six experiments were conducted in which subjects responded to auditorially presented letter names, while viewing compound visual stimuli, supporting the hypothesis of global precedence as well as the claim that the advantage for global features in visual perception is stationary.
Abstract: To test whether the advantage for global features in visual perception is stationary throughout the course of processing or is superseded by a local advantage, 6 experiments were conducted in which subjects responded to auditorially presented letter names, while viewing compound visual stimuli. The consistencies of the 2 levels of the compound letters with the auditory stimuli were varied. The requirement with respect to the visual stimulus was manipulated between experiments. The onset asynchrony (SOA) between the visual stimulus and the auditory one was randomized within blocks. Interaction of SOA with consistency of either of the globality levels with the auditory stimulus would indicate lack of stationarity. No such indication was found. Several findings suggest global advantage. The results hold across 3 exposure durations. Findings support the hypothesis of global precedence as well as the claim that it is stationary.
63 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that besides factors such as time uncertainty the FP effect is also largely dependent on the arousing quality of the signal.
Abstract: Seven subjects were used in an experiment on the relation between signal modality and the effect of foreperiod duration (EP) on RT. With visual signals the usually reported systematic increase of RT as a function of FP duration (1, 5 and 15 s) was confirmed; with auditory signals no difference was found between FP's of 1 and 5 s while the effect at 15 s was equivalent to that found at 5 s with the visual signal. The results suggest that besides factors such as time uncertainty the FP effect is also largely dependent on the arousing quality of the signal.
53 citations
TL;DR: RT is sensitive to cognitive load and the recovery from cognitive demand and represents an objective index for fatigability which can inform the management and treatment of MS.
51 citations
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TL;DR: In measuring reaction time (RT) to simultaneously presented stimuli, Todd (1912) found facilitation when sound and electric shock were paired but no effect when light was paired with either sound or shock; these results may be understood using the scheme suggested by Hilgard (1933) to account for facilitation of the eyeblink reflex.
Abstract: In measuring reaction time (RT) to simultaneously presented stimuli, Todd (1912) found facilitation when sound and electric shock were paired but no effect when light was paired with either sound or shock. These results may be understood using the scheme suggested by Hilgard (1933) to account for facilitation of the eyeblink reflex. Hilgard used light and sound stimuli slightly offset in time and found that the magnitude of the eyeblink to sound was augmented when the light preceded the sound by intervals of 25 and 50 msec. Thus, he maintained, there was a summation of "reaction tendencies" when the stimuli were presented at an interval equal to the differences in the latencies of their respective responses. Since the latency for light is greater than that for sound, the light must precede the sound in order for "response tendencies" to occur simultaneously. Indeed, Hilgard suggests that the difference between the latencies for the single stimuli may be the point of maximum facilitation. When taken together these two studies present a coherent picture. Since sound and shock yielded very
395 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the warning signal can be used as a time cue to start preparatory adjustments without starting a refractory period of the order of magnitude found in experiments with pairs of successive reactions, and thus that such refractary periods are not the inevitable cost of paying attention to a signal.
Abstract: The time course of the adjustments triggered by a warning signal was studied by measuring choice reaction times (RTs) at different predictable foreperiods after such a signal. Before the warning signal, a high time uncertainty situation was created by imposing either a long constant foreperiod of 5 sec. or one varying in the range 1.5 to 5 sec. The warning signal was a click. Foreperiods ranging from 0 to 300 millisec. were used in different blocks of trials. The stimulus was the onset of one of two lamps calling for the pressing of one of two keys. A control condition, without click, was used also. RTs were found to decrease continuously when the forperiod was increased from 0 to 100-150 millisec. The click delivered simultaneously with the stimulus permitted reactions significantly faster than in the control condition. It is concluded (a) that the latency of preparation can be much shorter than the 2 to 4 sec. reported by Woodrow; (b) that the warning signal can be used as a time cue to start preparator...
252 citations
225 citations
TL;DR: A taxonomy of information-processing tasks is proposed which, it is suggested, represents a kind of thinking in which the solution is in some way implicit in the problem, but inWhich the input information must be reflected in a reduced or condensed output.
Abstract: This paper proposes a taxonomy of information-processing tasks. Information conserving, reducing, and creating operations are viewed as different methods of processing. The main concern of this paper is information reduction which, it is suggested, represents a kind of thinking in which the solution is in some way implicit in the problem, but in which the input information must be reflected in a reduced or condensed output. A number of tasks within the areas of concept identification and utilization are shown to have this character. If the tasks require complete representation of the stimulus in the response (condensation) the amount of information reduced is directly related to difficulty both during learning and in utilization of previously learned rules. If the tasks allow Ss to ignore information in the stimulus (gating) the direct relation between reduction and difficulty is found during learning but may not occur after the rule is learned.
171 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a set of experiments was described in which two consecutive signals, separated by a variable time interval, were presented to the subjects and manual reaction times to these signals were recorded and t...
Abstract: A set of experiments is described in which two consecutive signals, separated by a variable time interval, were presented to the subjects. Manual reaction times to these signals were recorded and t...
142 citations