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Journal ArticleDOI

The effect of salicylate on the glycosuria and hyperglycaemia induced by cortisone in the normal rat.

01 Dec 1952-Biochemical Journal (Portland Press Ltd)-Vol. 52, Iss: 4, pp 649-652
About: This article is published in Biochemical Journal.The article was published on 1952-12-01 and is currently open access. It has received 18 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Glycosuria & Cortisone.

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Citations
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Book ChapterDOI
H.O.J. Collier1
TL;DR: This chapter explains the pharmacology of aspirin rather than that of salicylate in general, and considers the responses to noxae under various heads, including antipyresis, antinociception, anti-inflammation, antagonism of smooth muscle responses, and antihemostasis.
Abstract: Publisher Summary The salicylates are age old drug that in the form of willow bark and other herbal preparations have been used for long and their therapeutic effects have been reported in man first rather than in animals. It is suggested that salicylic acid was first used clinically in place of carbolic acid to disinfect wounds. When aspirin was introduced, as a more palatable and less topically toxic form of salicylic acid, the therapeutic properties of the parent compound were already well known. Because aspirin is probably the most widely used medicinal drug in the world, it is the mainstay of several pharmaceutical manufacturers. Interest lies in areas like what are the pharmacologic relatives of aspirin, where do the boundaries of this group of drugs lie, and does aspirin differ from sodium salicylate in its quantitative profile of actions. In view that aspirin is effective in its own right, this chapter explains the pharmacology of aspirin rather than that of salicylate in general. Results obtained with salicylates other than aspirin is only included, insofar, as they help to throw light on the pharmacology of aspirin. The chapter in the analysis of the antidefensive action of aspirin, considers the responses to noxae under various heads— namely, antipyresis, antinociception, anti-inflammation, antagonism of smooth muscle responses, and antihemostasis. The chapter also considers the other effects of aspirin that might be deemed antidefensive, such as damage to epithelia. When these pharmacologic effects of aspirin have been considered separately, how aspirin exerts these effects and to what extent a common mechanism underlying defensive responses may be identified as the target of this drug is assessed.

77 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The purpose of the present article is to review this work and its implications with respect to some of the toxic actions of salicylates and to their effects in rheumatism.
Abstract: THE term “salicylates” is used collectively for a group of drugs which have in common the salicylate radical and the main members in current clinical use are sodium salicylate and acetylsalicylic acid. The latter substance is almost universally known as “aspirin”, a name which has gained widespread acceptance due to its distinctive sound, to its attractive brevity and to many years of pertinacious advertising].. The salicylates possess serious claims to scientific attention because despite their almost venerable antiquity as drugs and their relatively simple chemical structure, very little is known about the exact mechanisms by which they produce their large variety of therapeutic and toxic effects. Apart from their well-known actions in small doses as antipyretics and analgesics they are widely used in the treatment of rheumatic disorders. When administered in adequate amounts they are capable of producing a striking change in the clinical picture of rheumatic fever and possess a smaller, but still definite, action in rheumatoid arthritis. Their beneficial effects seem to be concerned with alleviating the symptoms produced by the inflammatory processes which form a major part of the reaction of the body in rheumatic disease. The mechanism of this anti-inflammatory effect of salicylates is particularly obscure. The drugs may also produce a surprising number of toxic effects either in patients receiving medication or in cases of accidental overdosage and when taken for suicidal purposes. These include alterations in the acid-base balance in the blood, the occurrence of gastrointestinal haemorrhage and considerable disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism. Early work on the salicylates was reviewed by Hanzlik in 19272 and a comprehensive monograph was compiled in 1948 by Gross and Greenberg3. Later articles dealing with various aspects of the pharmacology of the drugs have been published in 19494, 19535 and 19586. In recent years an increasing amount of attention has been given to the effects of salicylates on metabolic processes in man, in experimental animals, in isolated tissues and in subcellular preparations. The purpose of the present article is to review this work and its implications with respect to some of the toxic actions of salicylates and to their effects in rheumatism.

46 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results obtained in a study undertaken to clarify both the structural requirements of salicylate hypoglycemic activity and the mechanism of such activity are presented in an effort to shed further light on the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus.

37 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is appropriate to consider their pharmacological properties before discussing drugs that are just now being introduced for similar therapeutic uses, and since acetylsalicylic acid and sodium salicylate are the compounds most frequently used, most of the discussion will be concerned with these.
Abstract: Since the salicylates are among the oldest remedies that still occupy an important place in modern therapeutics, and since they have been used more widely and in larger quantity than any other medicinal agent, it is appropriate to consider their pharmacological properties before discussing drugs that are just now being introduced for similar therapeutic uses. A comprehensive bibliography of the earlier literature is that of Gross and Greenberg (1948), and more recent reviews have been prepared by P. K. Smith (1949) and M. J. H. Smith (1953). Some of the material also is included in a recent textbook (P. K. Smith, 1958). This discussion will be limited to some of the more recent work on the salicylates and related drugs. No attempt will be made to include or refer to all of the voluminous literature on these drugs. Since acetylsalicylic acid and sodium salicylate are the compounds most frequently used, most of the discussion will be concerned with these. Other related compounds are discussed separately toward the end of the presentation.

32 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Variations in the rates of glucose production and utilization by the intact rat have been studied both by the technique of continuous intravenous injection and the isotope technique, and the two approaches have been merged with the intent of evaluating these rates under various conditions.

78 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The recent report of Ingle (1950) that aspirin reduced the glycosuria of rats made mildly diabetic by partial pancreatectomy stimulated us to investigate this effect in more detail.
Abstract: Large doses of salicylates have been reported to prevent diabetic glycosuria inman and the drug was used in the treatment of diabetes during the latter part of the last century (Gross & Greenberg, 1948). The recent report of Ingle (1950) that aspirin reduced the glycosuria of rats made mildly diabetic by partial pancreatectomy stimulated us to investigate this effect in more detail. In the present work the effect of salicylate on the glycosuria, blood glucose and liver glycogen of rats made severely diabetic with alloxanwas studied. The blood glucose and liver glycogen of normal rats treated with salicylate were also investigated because LutwakMann (1942) reported a marked decrease in liver glycogen in such animals.

55 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The administration of toxic doses of cortisone acetate to immature rats maintained on a synthetic diet resulted in retarded growth, alopecia and death, but these effects were largely counteracted by the administration of desiccated whole liver when fed at a level of 10% of the diet.
Abstract: SummaryThe administration of toxic doses of cortisone acetate to immature rats maintained on a synthetic diet resulted in retarded growth, alopecia and death. These effects were largely counteracted by the administration of desiccated whole liver when fed at a level of 10% of the diet. The protective factor(s) in liver was distinct from any of the known B vitamins.

8 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was concluded that adrenalectomized rats are more sensitive to an excess of cortisone acetate than are non-adrenalctomzed rats.
Abstract: SummaryMale rats having an initial weight of approximately 300 g were force-fed a medium carbohydrate diet by stomach tube twice daily. One rat of each pair was adrenalectomized and the other was subjected to a sham-adrenaleetomy. A comparison was made of the resistance of the two groups of rats to large doses of cortisone acetate. In Exp. 1,12 pairs of rats were each treated with 5 mg of the steroid per rat per day for 21 days. The loss of weight in the adrenalectomized animals was greater than in the non-adrenalectomized animals, but there was no group difference in the extent of glycosuria. In Exp. 2 and 3, a total of 23 pairs of rats were given 10 mg of cortisone acetate per rat per day for 21 days. The loss of weight and the average amount of glucose excreted were significantly greater in the adrenalectomized animals. The incidence of gross pathology, especially kidney changes and stomach ulcers, was greater in the adrenalectomized animals of all 3 experimental groups. It was concluded that adrenalec...

4 citations