scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Journal ArticleDOI

The effect of the charging protocol on the cycle life of a Li-ion battery

27 Oct 2006-Journal of Power Sources (Elsevier)-Vol. 161, Iss: 2, pp 1385-1391
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the charging protocol on the cycle life of a commercial 18650 Li-ion cell was studied using three methods: (1) constant current charging, (2) constant power (CP) charging, and (3) multistage constant current (MCC).
About: This article is published in Journal of Power Sources.The article was published on 2006-10-27. It has received 504 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Capacity loss & Constant current.
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 2019
TL;DR: Robust model-based charging optimisation strategies are identified as key to enabling fast charging in all conditions, with a particular focus on techniques capable of achieving high speeds and good temperature homogeneities.
Abstract: In the recent years, lithium-ion batteries have become the battery technology of choice for portable devices, electric vehicles and grid storage. While increasing numbers of car manufacturers are introducing electrified models into their offering, range anxiety and the length of time required to recharge the batteries are still a common concern. The high currents needed to accelerate the charging process have been known to reduce energy efficiency and cause accelerated capacity and power fade. Fast charging is a multiscale problem, therefore insights from atomic to system level are required to understand and improve fast charging performance. The present paper reviews the literature on the physical phenomena that limit battery charging speeds, the degradation mechanisms that commonly result from charging at high currents, and the approaches that have been proposed to address these issues. Special attention is paid to low temperature charging. Alternative fast charging protocols are presented and critically assessed. Safety implications are explored, including the potential influence of fast charging on thermal runaway characteristics. Finally, knowledge gaps are identified and recommendations are made for the direction of future research. The need to develop reliable onboard methods to detect lithium plating and mechanical degradation is highlighted. Robust model-based charging optimisation strategies are identified as key to enabling fast charging in all conditions. Thermal management strategies to both cool batteries during charging and preheat them in cold weather are acknowledged as critical, with a particular focus on techniques capable of achieving high speeds and good temperature homogeneities.

712 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the development of lithium-based thin-film rechargeable batteries highlight ongoing research strategies and discuss the challenges that remain regarding the discovery of nanomaterials as electrolytes and electrodes for lithium batteries also describes the possible evolution of lithium technology and evaluates the expected improvements, arising from new materials to cell technology.

543 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of electrode thickness on the rate capability, energy and power density and long-term cycling behavior is comparatively investigated, and a power-law relation between the maximum working C rate and electrode loading is obtained.

481 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed literature on the causes and evidences for Li deposition, macroscopic morphology of Li deposition/plating, ageing mechanisms and shapes of capacity fade curves involving Li deposition.

460 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the carbon content on the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of C-Li4Ti5O12 particles was extensively studied, and it was shown that uniformly coated carbon layer from pitch inhibited the growth of primary particles, maintaining the spherical morphology, similar to the TiO2 precursor in size and shape, and also enabling partial reduction of the starting Ti4+ to Ti3+.
Abstract: Microscale C-Li4Ti5O12 particles with high tap density were synthesized by a simple solid-state reaction using TiO2, Li2CO3, and pitch. The effect of the carbon content on the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of this material was extensively studied. On calcination of the particles at high temperature in an inert atmosphere, the uniformly coated carbon layer from pitch inhibited the growth of primary particles, maintaining the spherical morphology, similar to the TiO2 precursor in size and shape, and also enabling partial reduction of the starting Ti4+ to Ti3+. Excellent electronic conductivity of the C-coated Li4Ti5O12 resulted from the presence of the highly conducting carbon coating layer and the mixed valence state of Ti3+ and Ti4+. Both the nanoporous morphology and highly conducting carbon coating layer in Li4Ti5O12 particles gave rise to ultra high rate capability.

416 citations

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the staging phenomenon was observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the first and second stage compounds were identified as a commensurate structure in which lithium atoms form a close-packed two-dimensional array.
Abstract: Electrochemical reduction of natural graphite was carried out in 1M LiClO[sub 4] ethylene carbonate (EC)/1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) solution at 30 C. Natural graphite was reduced stepwise to LiC[sub 6]. The staging phenomenon was observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The first stage and the second stage compounds were identified as a commensurate structure in which lithium atoms form a close-packed two-dimensional array. A second-stage compound (LiC[sub 18]) with a different in-plane lithium ordering based on a LiC[sub 9] two-dimensional packing in lithium intercalated sheets also was observed; also third, fourth-stage compounds were identified. The electrochemical oxidation of the first-stage compound (LiC[sub 6]) was examined and shown to reversible over the entire range, i.e., C[sub 6] + xLi [r reversible] Li[sub x]C[sub 6]. The reaction mechanism for the reduction of graphite and the oxidation of the first-stage compound are discussed in relation to the staging phenomenon from the detailed open-circuit voltage and XRD data. The chemical potential of LiC[sub 6] was estimated to be [minus]3.6 kcal mol from the observed reversible potential. The feasibility of using a lithium-graphite intercalation compound in lithium ion (shuttlecock) cells is described, and the innovative secondary systems, C[sub 6]/LiCoO[sub 2] and C[sub 6]/LiNiO[sub 2] fabricated in discharged states,more » are demonstrated.« less

953 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of a pulse charging technique on charge-discharge behavior and cycling characteristics of commercial lithium-ion batteries were investigated by comparison with the conventional direct current (dc) charging.

280 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: En chauffant la coke a des temperatures plus elevees, on augmente the graphitisation ou l'ordre cristallin de l'hote de facon continue and on etudie l'effet de cette variation sur le diagramme des phases de LixC 6 et sur V(x).
Abstract: We report electrochemical and x-ray-diffraction studies of the intercalation of lithium in graphite and in disordered carbons. The phase diagram of electrochemically intercalated graphite agrees well with previous work on samples prepared by chemical methods. The well-known staged phases present in intercalated graphite are absent in intercalated petroleum coke. Furthermore, the voltage V(x) of Li/${\mathrm{Li}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{6}$ cells differs greatly when graphite or coke is used as the host. By heating coke to successively higher temperatures, we are able to increase the graphitization or crystalline order of the host in a continuous fashion and study the effect of this variation on the phase diagram of ${\mathrm{Li}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{6}$ and on V(x). We find that staged phases are suppressed at room temperature for hosts less ordered than a ``critical disorder.'' A lattice-gas model with random site energies is used to model the effects of host disorder and qualitatively explains the suppression of staged phases and the changes in V(x) with increasing disorder in the host. For a rectangular ``density of sites,'' staged phases are suppressed when the width of the site energy distribution is greater than the magnitude of the mean-field attractive Li-Li interaction, which causes island growth and staging in intercalated graphite.

273 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a graphite/LiCoO 2 cell with a C/A ratio of 0.985 was designed to study the charging process of Li-ion cells and the results showed that lithium plating occurred under most of the charging conditions, especially at high currents and at low temperatures.

270 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Boostcharging is proposed as a new, ultra-fast, recharging algorithm for Li-ion batteries as discussed by the authors, which is shown to be very rapid and can be recharged within 5 min to one-third of its rated capacity.

208 citations