The Effective Field Theory of Dark Matter Direct Detection
01 Feb 2013-Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (IOP Publishing)-Vol. 2013, Iss: 02, pp 004-004
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extend and explore the general non-relativistic effective theory of dark matter (DM) direct detection and find several operators which lead to novel nuclear responses, which differ significantly from the standard minimal WIMP cases in their relative coupling strengths to various elements.
Abstract: We extend and explore the general non-relativistic effective theory of dark matter (DM) direct detection. We describe the basic non-relativistic building blocks of operators and discuss their symmetry properties, writing down all Galilean-invariant operators up to quadratic order in momentum transfer arising from exchange of particles of spin 1 or less. Any DM particle theory can be translated into the coefficients of an effective operator and any effective operator can be simply related to most general description of the nuclear response. We find several operators which lead to novel nuclear responses. These responses differ significantly from the standard minimal WIMP cases in their relative coupling strengths to various elements, changing how the results from different experiments should be compared against each other. Response functions are evaluated for common DM targets — F, Na, Ge, I, and Xe — using standard shell model techniques. We point out that each of the nuclear responses is familiar from past studies of semi-leptonic electroweak interactions, and thus potentially testable in weak interaction studies. We provide tables of the full set of required matrix elements at finite momentum transfer for a range of common elements, making a careful and fully model-independent analysis possible. Finally, we discuss embedding non-relativistic effective theory operators into UV models of dark matter.
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TL;DR: A review of the WIMP paradigm with focus on a few models which can be probed at best by these facilities, and Collider and Indirect Detection will not be neglected when they represent a complementary probe.
Abstract: Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) are among the best-motivated dark matter candidates. No conclusive signal, despite an extensive search program that combines, often in a complementary way, direct, indirect, and collider probes, has been detected so far. This situation might change in near future due to the advent of one/multi-TON Direct Detection experiments. We thus, find it timely to provide a review of the WIMP paradigm with focus on a few models which can be probed at best by these facilities. Collider and Indirect Detection, nevertheless, will not be neglected when they represent a complementary probe.
772 citations
TL;DR: The present experimental status of dark matter theory and experiment is overview, which includes current bounds and recent claims and hints of a possible signal in a wide range of experiments: direct detection in underground laboratories, gamma-ray, cosmic ray, x-rays, neutrino telescopes, and the LHC.
Abstract: We review several current aspects of dark matter theory and experiment. We overview the present experimental status, which includes current bounds and recent claims and hints of a possible signal in a wide range of experiments: direct detection in underground laboratories, gamma-ray, cosmic ray, x-ray, neutrino telescopes, and the LHC. We briefly review several possible particle candidates for a weakly interactive massive particle (WIMP) and dark matter that have recently been considered in the literature. We pay particular attention to the lightest neutralino of supersymmetry as it remains the best motivated candidate for dark matter and also shows excellent detection prospects. Finally we briefly review some alternative scenarios that can considerably alter properties and prospects for the detection of dark matter obtained within the standard thermal WIMP paradigm.
454 citations
Technische Universität München1, Novosibirsk State University2, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research3, University of Kentucky4, Fermilab5, Washington University in St. Louis6, University of Graz7, University of Vienna8, University of Maryland, College Park9, Max Planck Society10, Vienna University of Technology11, Hampton University12, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility13, University of Bonn14, University of Washington15, Complutense University of Madrid16, University of Mainz17, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology18, University of Groningen19, University of Paris-Sud20, Indiana University21, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory22, University of California, Davis23, University of Helsinki24, University of Virginia25, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare26, Forschungszentrum Jülich27, University of Bern28, Warsaw University of Technology29, CERN30, Kent State University31, Utrecht University32, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI33, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory34, University of Valencia35, University of Granada36, Brookhaven National Laboratory37, Stony Brook University38, University of Naples Federico II39, University of Santiago de Compostela40, Ruhr University Bochum41, Far Eastern Federal University42
TL;DR: In this paper, the progress, current status, and open challenges of QCD-driven physics, in theory and in experiment, are highlighted, highlighting how the strong interaction is intimately connected to a broad sweep of physical problems, in settings ranging from astrophysics and cosmology to strongly coupled, complex systems in particle and condensed-matter physics, as well as searches for physics beyond the Standard Model.
Abstract: We highlight the progress, current status, and open challenges of QCD-driven physics, in theory and in experiment. We discuss how the strong interaction is intimately connected to a broad sweep of physical problems, in settings ranging from astrophysics and cosmology to strongly coupled, complex systems in particle and condensed-matter physics, as well as to searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. We also discuss how success in describing the strong interaction impacts other fields, and, in turn, how such subjects can impact studies of the strong interaction. In the course of the work we offer a perspective on the many research streams which flow into and out of QCD, as well as a vision for future developments.
433 citations
Queen's University1, Polytechnic University of Valencia2, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory3, Northwestern University4, Indiana University5, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics6, Fermilab7, University of Toronto8, University of Chicago9, Université de Montréal10, Laurentian University11, Czech Technical University in Prague12, University of Alberta13, Virginia Tech14, Drexel University15, National Autonomous University of Mexico16
TL;DR: These data provide the most sensitive direct detection constraints on WIMP-proton spin-dependent scattering to date, with significant sensitivity at low W IMP masses for spin-independent WIMp-nucleon scattering.
Abstract: New results are reported from the operation of the PICO-60 dark matter detector, a bubble chamber filled with 52 kg of C_{3}F_{8} located in the SNOLAB underground laboratory. As in previous PICO bubble chambers, PICO-60 C_{3}F_{8} exhibits excellent electron recoil and alpha decay rejection, and the observed multiple-scattering neutron rate indicates a single-scatter neutron background of less than one event per month. A blind analysis of an efficiency-corrected 1167-kg day exposure at a 3.3-keV thermodynamic threshold reveals no single-scattering nuclear recoil candidates, consistent with the predicted background. These results set the most stringent direct-detection constraint to date on the weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP)-proton spin-dependent cross section at 3.4×10^{-41} cm^{2} for a 30-GeV c^{-2} WIMP, more than 1 order of magnitude improvement from previous PICO results.
429 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the status of direct dark matter searches is summarized, focusing on the detector technologies used to directly detect a dark matter particle producing recoil energies in the keV energy scale.
Abstract: In recent decades, several detector technologies have been developed with the quest to directly detect dark matter interactions and to test one of the most important unsolved questions in modern physics. The sensitivity of these experiments has improved with a tremendous speed due to a constant development of the detectors and analysis methods, proving uniquely suited devices to solve the dark matter puzzle, as all other discovery strategies can only indirectly infer its existence. Despite the overwhelming evidence for dark matter from cosmological indications at small and large scales, clear evidence for a particle explaining these observations remains absent. This review summarises the status of direct dark matter searches, focusing on the detector technologies used to directly detect a dark matter particle producing recoil energies in the keV energy scale. The phenomenological signal expectations, main background sources, statistical treatment of data and calibration strategies are discussed.
395 citations
Cites methods from "The Effective Field Theory of Dark ..."
...In the context of a non-relativistic effective field theory (EFT) for WIMP-like interactions, a more detailed formulation of possible couplings from dark matter to baryons has been proposed [118][119][120] and is applied by some experiments [121]....
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References
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Book•
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: Feynman Diagrams and Quantum Electrodynamics as discussed by the authors have been used to describe the Parton Model of Hadron Structure, the Klein-Gordon Field, and the Dirac Field.
Abstract: Feynman Diagrams and Quantum Electrodynamics * Invitation: Pair Production in e+e- Annihilation * The Klein-Gordon Field * The Dirac Field * Interacting Fields and Feynman Diagrams * Elementary Processes of Quantum Electrodynamics * Radiative Corrections: Introduction * Radiative Corrections: Some Formal Developments * Final Project: Radiation of Gluon Jets Renormalization * Invitation: Ultraviolet Cutoffs and Critical Fluctuations * Functional Methods * Systematics of Renormalization * Renormalization and Symmetry * The Renormalization Group * Critical Exponents and Scalar Field Theory * Final Project: The Coleman-Weinberg Potential Non-Albelian Gauge Theory * Invitation: The Parton Model of Hadron Structure * Non-Albein Gauge Invariance * Quantization of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories * Quantum Chromodynamics * Operator Products and Effective Vertices * Perturbation Theory Anomalies * Gauge Theories with Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking * Quantization of Spontaneously Broken Gauge Theories * Final Project: Decays of the Higgs Boson * Epilogue: Field Theory at the Frontier
4,935 citations
TL;DR: If new particles are gauged by a new U(1) then their electromagnetic charges may be shifted by a calculable amount as mentioned in this paper, which is the case in the case of the current article.
2,095 citations
Additional excerpts
...As a simple example of this kind of model, imagine that we have a gauge boson Aμ that mixes kinetically with the photon Lkin = FμνF ′μν [9, 10, 11, 12]....
[...]
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: Feynman Diagrams and Quantum Electrodynamics as discussed by the authors have been used to describe the Parton Model of Hadron Structure, the Klein-Gordon Field, and the Dirac Field.
Abstract: Feynman Diagrams and Quantum Electrodynamics * Invitation: Pair Production in e+e- Annihilation * The Klein-Gordon Field * The Dirac Field * Interacting Fields and Feynman Diagrams * Elementary Processes of Quantum Electrodynamics * Radiative Corrections: Introduction * Radiative Corrections: Some Formal Developments * Final Project: Radiation of Gluon Jets Renormalization * Invitation: Ultraviolet Cutoffs and Critical Fluctuations * Functional Methods * Systematics of Renormalization * Renormalization and Symmetry * The Renormalization Group * Critical Exponents and Scalar Field Theory * Final Project: The Coleman-Weinberg Potential Non-Albelian Gauge Theory * Invitation: The Parton Model of Hadron Structure * Non-Albein Gauge Invariance * Quantization of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories * Quantum Chromodynamics * Operator Products and Effective Vertices * Perturbation Theory Anomalies * Gauge Theories with Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking * Quantization of Spontaneously Broken Gauge Theories * Final Project: Decays of the Higgs Boson * Epilogue: Field Theory at the Frontier
2,006 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a light boson invoked by XDM to mediate a large inelastic scattering cross section for the DAMA annual modulation signal at low velocities at redshift, which could produce observable effects on the ionization history of the universe.
Abstract: � > 1GeV 1 . The long range allows a Sommerfeld enhancement to boost the annihilation cross section as required, without altering the weak-scale annihilation cross section during dark matter freeze-out in the early universe. If the dark matter annihilates into the new force carrier φ, its low mass can make hadronic modes kinematically inaccessible, forcing decays dominantly into leptons. If the force carrier is a non-Abelian gauge boson, the dark matter is part of a multiplet of states, and splittings between these states are naturally generated with size αm� � MeV, leading to the eXciting dark matter (XDM) scenario previously proposed to explain the positron annihilation in the galactic center observed by the INTEGRAL satellite; the light boson invoked by XDM to mediate a large inelastic scattering cross section is identified with the φ here. Somewhat smaller splittings would also be expected, providing a natural source for the parameters of the inelastic dark matter (iDM) explanation for the DAMA annual modulation signal. Since the Sommerfeld enhancement is most significant at low velocities, early dark matter halos at redshift � 10 potentially produce observable effects on the ionization history of the universe. Because of the enhanced cross section, detection of substructure is more probable than with a conventional WIMP. Moreover, the low velocity dispersion of dwarf galaxies and Milky Way subhalos can increase the substructure annihilation signal by an additional order of magnitude or more.
1,682 citations
Additional excerpts
...As a simple example of this kind of model, imagine that we have a gauge boson Aμ that mixes kinetically with the photon Lkin = FμνF ′μν [9, 10, 11, 12]....
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented the first result obtained by exploiting the model independent annual modulation signature for Dark Matter (DM) particles, which refers to an exposure of 0.53 ton×yr.
Abstract: The highly radiopure ≃ 250 kg NaI(Tl) DAMA/LIBRA set-up is running at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory of the INFN. In this paper the first result obtained by exploiting the model independent annual modulation signature for Dark Matter (DM) particles is presented. It refers to an exposure of 0.53 ton×yr. The collected DAMA/LIBRA data satisfy all the many peculiarities of the DM annual modulation signature. Neither systematic effects nor side reactions able to account for the observed modulation amplitude and to contemporaneously satisfy all the several requirements of this DM signature are available. Considering the former DAMA/NaI and the present DAMA/LIBRA data all together (total exposure 0.82 ton×yr), the presence of Dark Matter particles in the galactic halo is supported, on the basis of the DM annual modulation signature, at 8.2 σ C.L.; in particular, in the energy interval (2–6) keV, the modulation amplitude is (0.0131±0.0016) cpd/kg/keV and the phase and the period are well compatible with June 2nd and one year, respectively.
1,121 citations
"The Effective Field Theory of Dark ..." refers background in this paper
...Previously, there have been attempts to exploit these differences between targets, in order to reconcile potential signals seen at some experiments [1, 2] with the absence of a signal at others....
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