The Effects of a Mixture of Brown and Black Rice on Lipid Profiles and Antioxidant Status in Rats
TL;DR: Brown and black rice have cardioprotective effects in rats fed different combinations of grains, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in liver is shown to be higher in rats in the order of those fed WH, WHBR, WHBL and BRBL.
Abstract: Background: The present study was designed to investigate the influence of natural brown and black rice consumption on serum lipid parameters and hepatic enzyme activities in rats f
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TL;DR: Meal replacement with mixed rice was superior to replacement with white rice in weight control, improving antioxidant enzyme activity, and as such, should be recommended for diet therapy in obese women.
45 citations
Cites background from "The Effects of a Mixture of Brown a..."
...However, those findings were based on animal studies [10,11], and no clinical studies have examined the results of weight-loss program using grain-based meal replacements for obese people....
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TL;DR: The diet containing black rice was more effective in controlling the lipidemia in rats compared with the whole rice diet and reduced the level of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein.
Abstract: Cardiovascular disease is a serious public health problem; it is the first “cause of death” in Brazil and in developed countries. Thus, it is essential to search for alternative sources such as some functional foods to prevent and control the risks of this disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the lipidemic parameters in hypercholesterolemic rats fed diets containing black rice variety IAC 600 or unrefined rice. Adult male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus var. albinos) were used, weighing about 200–220 g. The animals were divided into four groups: the first received a control casein diet, the second received hypercholesterolemic diet, and the other two groups, after induction of hypercholesterolemia, received the test diets, the first containing 20% black rice and the second 20% unrefined, for 30 days. It was observed that diet containing black rice reduced the level of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein. For high-density lipoprotein values, the diet that pr...
37 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: This study suggests that the changes of blood cholesterol can be modulated by using brown rice varieties instead of polished rice in human diet, and shows the hypercholesterolemic effect of brown rice verities.
Abstract: Brown rice (BR) or unmilled rice is the whole grain of rice, from which the germ and outer layers containing the bran have not been removed. Brown rice seeds are rich in more nutritional components, such as dietary fibers, vitamins B and E, gamma (γ)-oryzanol and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) than the ordinary milled rice grains. GABA or 4-aminobutyrate is a well known non-protein-based amino acid that is one of the major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the sympathetic nervous system. In the present study, the influence of brown rice varieties containing different GABA levels on blood cholesterol in Sprague-Dawley male rats was investigated. Quantitative analysis of GABA, Gamma oryzanol, dietary fiber, protein and fat was carried out using appropriate method. Hypercholesterolemia and elevation of LDL-cholesterol was successfully ameliorated by most of the brown rice diets (p < 0.05). A significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) between serum TC level and γ-oryzanol content of diets was observed. Moreover, a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) between serum LDL-C level and dietary fiber content of diets was observed. In contrast, there was no correlation between GABA content and TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and glucose levels. Although no correlation was found between GABA content and lipid profile suppression, this study suggests that the changes of blood cholesterol can be modulated by using brown rice varieties instead of polished rice in human diet. Even though GABA not played a role for prediction of lipid profile changes, this study was capable to show the hypercholesterolemic effect of brown rice verities.
31 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The AIN-93 rodent diets were formulated to substitute for the previous version (AIN-76A) and to improve the performance of animals that consume them as mentioned in this paper, and they are called AIN 93G, formulated for growth, and AIN93M, for maintenance.
Abstract: The AIN-93 rodent diets were formulated to substitute for the previous version (AIN-76A) and to improve the performance of animals that consume them. They are called AIN-93G, formulated for growth, and AIN-93M, for maintenance. Major changes included substituting cornstarch for sucrose and soybean oil for corn oil and increasing the amount in order to supply both essential fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic). L-Cystine was substituted for DL-methionine to supplement the casein component. The mineral mix was reformulated to lower the amounts of phosphorus, manganese and chromium, to increase the amount of selenium, and to add molybdenum, silicon, fluoride, nickel, boron, lithium and vanadium. The amounts of vitamins E, K-1 and B-12 were increased over those in the AIN-76A vitamin mix. The AIN-93G diet contains 200 g of casein and 70 g of soybean oil/kg diet. The maintenance diet (AIN-93M) contains 140 g of casein and 40 g of soybean oil/kg diet. The 1993 diets have a better balance of essential nutrients than the 1976 diet and are better choices for studies with laboratory rodents.
30 citations
12 Jun 2019
TL;DR: This chapter provides up-to-date coverage of pigmented rice in terms of the bioactive constituents, isolation, extraction and analytical methods, and related bioactivities.
Abstract: Natural pigmented rice is mainly black, red, and dark purple and contains a variety of flavones, tannins, phenolic, sterols, oryzanols, and essential oils. Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins belonging to plant flavonoids are thought of as the major functional components found in black, red, and purple rice and contribute to the intense color of many fruits, vegetables, and pigmented cereals such as blueberries, grapes, red cabbages, and purple sweet potatoes. Recent data have indicated the potential for isolating and characterizing the nutrition and nonnutritive components in colored fruits, vegetables, and cereals for their potential chemopreventive and pharmaceutical agents. This chapter provides up-to-date coverage of pigmented rice in terms of the bioactive constituents, isolation, extraction and analytical methods, and related bioactivities. Special focus has been placed on the anti-inflammation, anticancer, and antiaging processes of the major components found in pigmented rice, especially with regard to germ and bran extracts.
21 citations
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TL;DR: This assay is very reproducible and rapid with the dye binding process virtually complete in approximately 2 min with good color stability for 1 hr with little or no interference from cations such as sodium or potassium nor from carbohydrates such as sucrose.
225,085 citations
"The Effects of a Mixture of Brown a..." refers methods in this paper
...with thiobarbituric acid, 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane (Aldrich Chemical Co., Korea), as standard. TBARS values are expressed as nanograms per milligram protein. Protein determination was performed using the method of Bradford [...
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TL;DR: A method for estimating the cholesterol content of the serum low-density lipoprotein fraction (Sf0-20) is presented and comparison of this suggested procedure with the more direct procedure, in which the ultracentrifuge is used, yielded correlation coefficients of .94 to .99.
Abstract: A method for estimating the cholesterol content of the serum low-density lipoprotein fraction (Sf0-20) is presented. The method involves measurements of fasting plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, none of which requires the use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Comparison of this suggested procedure with the more direct procedure, in which the ultracentrifuge is used, yielded correlation coefficients of .94 to .99, depending on the patient population compared.
30,622 citations
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of 67 controlled trials was performed to quantify the cholesterol-lowering effect of major dietary fibers, finding that increasing soluble fiber can make only a small contribution to dietary therapy to lower cholesterol.
1,714 citations
TL;DR: The AIN-93 rodent diets were formulated to substitute for the previous version (AIN-76A) and to improve the performance of animals that consume them and are better choices for studies with laboratory rodents.
Abstract: The AIN-93 rodent diets were formulated to substitute for the previous version (AIN-76A) and to improve the performance of animals that consume them. They are called AIN-93G, formulated for growth, and AIN-93M, for maintenance. Major changes included substituting cornstarch for sucrose and soybean oil for corn oil and increasing the amount in order to supply both essential fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic). L-Cystine was substituted for DL-methionine to supplement the casein component. The mineral mix was reformulated to lower the amounts of phosphorus, manganese and chromium, to increase the amount of selenium, and to add molybdenum, silicon, fluoride, nickel, boron, lithium and vanadium. The amounts of vitamins E, K-1 and B-12 were increased over those in the AIN-76A vitamin mix. The AIN-93G diet contains 200 g of casein and 70 g of soybean oil/kg diet. The maintenance diet (AIN-93M) contains 140 g of casein and 40 g of soybean oil/kg diet. The 1993 diets have a better balance of essential nutrients than the 1976 diet and are better choices for studies with laboratory rodents.
1,203 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest an inverse association between fiber intake and MI and suggest that fiber, independent of fat intake, is an important dietary component for the prevention of coronary disease.
Abstract: Objective. —To examine prospectively the relationship between dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease. Design. —Cohort study. Setting. —In 1986, a total of 43 757 US male health professionals 40 to 75 years of age and free from diagnosed cardiovascular disease and diabetes completed a detailed 131 -item dietary questionnaire used to measure usual intake of total dietary fiber and specific food sources of fiber. Main Outcome Measure. —Fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction (Ml). Results. —During 6 years of follow-up, we documented 734 cases of Ml (229 were fatal coronary heart disease). The age-adjusted relative risk (RR) for total Ml was 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46 to 0.76) among men in the highest quintile of total dietary fiber intake (median, 28.9 g/d) compared with men in the lowest quartile (median, 12.4 g/d). The inverse association was strongest for fatal coronary disease (RR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.72). After controlling for smoking, physical activity and other known nondietary cardiovascular risk factors, dietary saturated fat, vitamin E, total energy intake, and alcohol intake, the RRs were only modestly attenuated. A 10-g increase in total dietary fiber corresponded to an RR for total Ml of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.70 to 0.93). Within the three main food contributors to total fiber intake (vegetable, fruit, and cereal), cereal fiber was most strongly associated with a reduced risk of total Ml (RR, 071; 95% CI, 0.55 to 0.91 for each 10-g increase in cereal fiber per day). Conclusions. —Our results suggest an inverse association between fiber intake and Ml. These results support current national dietary guidelines to increase dietary fiber intake and suggest that fiber, independent of fat intake, is an important dietary component for the prevention of coronary disease. (JAMA. 1996;275:447-451)
868 citations