The effects of combined micron-/submicron-scale surface roughness and nanoscale features on cell proliferation and differentiation
TL;DR: The results suggested that the introduction of such nanoscale structures in combination with micro-/submicro-scale roughness improves osteoblast differentiation and local factor production, which indicates the potential for improved implant osseointegration in vivo.
About: This article is published in Biomaterials.The article was published on 2011-05-01 and is currently open access. It has received 703 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Surface roughness & Nanotopography.
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01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: This work states that for many years, bone was defined anatomically and examined largely in a descriptive manner by ultrastructural analysis and by biochemical and histochemical methods, but now, complemented by an increased knowledge of molecular mechanisms that are associated with and regulate expression of genes encoding phenotypic compone...
Abstract: I. Introduction A FUNCTIONAL relationship between cell growth and the initiation and progression of events associated with differentiation has been a fundamental question challenging developmental biologists for more than a century. In the case of bone, as observed with other cells and tissue, the relationship of growth and differentiation must be maintained and stringently regulated, both during development and throughout the life of the organism, to support tissue remodeling. For many years, bone was defined anatomically and examined largely in a descriptive manner by ultrastructural analysis and by biochemical and histochemical methods. These studies provided the basis for our understanding of bone tissue organization and orchestration of the progressive recruitment, proliferation, and differentiation of the various cellular components of bone tissue. Now, complemented by an increased knowledge of molecular mechanisms that are associated with and regulate expression of genes encoding phenotypic compone...
982 citations
TL;DR: Various attempts to improve upon these properties like different processing routes, surface modifications have been inculcated in the paper to provide an insight into the extent of research and effort that has been put into developing a highly superior titanium orthopaedic implant.
711 citations
TL;DR: A systematic analysis of results available from in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials on the effects of biocompatible calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings is presented and the future research and use of these devices is discussed.
594 citations
Cites background from "The effects of combined micron-/sub..."
...has been reported that the surface roughness and chemical composition of CaP coatings indirectly affect the biological outcome [205, 259-266]....
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TL;DR: This review provides a general overview of the available information about the contact angle values of experimental and of marketed implant surfaces, some of the techniques used to modify surface wettability of implants, and results from in vitro and clinical studies.
577 citations
TL;DR: Rationally designed and additively manufactured porous metallic biomaterials based on four different types of triply periodic minimal surfaces that mimic the properties of bone to an unprecedented level of multi-physics detail exhibit an interesting combination of topological, mechanical, and mass transport properties.
492 citations
Cites background from "The effects of combined micron-/sub..."
...17 In addition to surface properties [33-36] and functional groups [37, 38] that are known to profoundly affect the bone tissue regeneration process, curvature has been identified recently as a parameter influencing tissue regeneration [8-11, 13]....
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References
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TL;DR: Further investigations of mechanical properties at the "materials level", in addition to the studies at the 'structural level' are needed to fill the gap in present knowledge and to achieve a complete understanding of the mechanical properties of bone.
2,352 citations
"The effects of combined micron-/sub..." refers background in this paper
...It is interesting to note that the nanostructures formed by the present oxidation-based process are not unlike the nanostructures associated with collagen fibrils left by osteoclasts after bone resorption [20,22]....
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...Resorption lacunae consist of microscale pits (up to 100 mm in diameter and 50 mm in depth [21e23]) with submicro-scale roughness formed by the irregular acid-etching at the ruffled border of the osteoclast [18,19] and nanoscale features created by the collagen fibers left on the surface [20,22]....
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...Resorption lacunae left by osteoclasts, created through acidification and proteinase activity [18], have a distinct hierarchical structural complexity [19,20]....
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TL;DR: The extent of bone-implant interface is positively correlated with an increasing roughness of the implant surface, and hydroxylapatite (HA)-coated implants with 60-70% showed signs of resorption.
Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of different surface characteristics on bone integration of titanium implants. Hollow-cylinder implants with six different surfaces were placed in the metaphyses of the tibia and femur in six miniature pigs. After 3 and 6 weeks, the implants with surrounding bone were removed and analyzed in undecalcified transverse sections. The histologic examination revealed direct bone-implant contact for all implants. However, the morphometric analyses demonstrated significant differences in the percentage of bone-implant contact, when measured in cancellous bone. Electropolished as well as the sandblasted and acid pickled (medium grit; HF/HNO3) implant surfaces had the lowest percentage of bone contact with mean values ranging between 20 and 25%. Sandblasted implants with a large grit and titanium plasma-sprayed implants demonstrated 30-40% mean bone contact. The highest extent of bone-implant interface was observed in sandblasted and acid attacked surfaces (large grit; HCl/H2SO4) with mean values of 50-60%, and hydroxylapatite (HA)-coated implants with 60-70%. However, the HA coating consistently revealed signs of resorption. It can be concluded that the extent of bone-implant interface is positively correlated with an increasing roughness of the implant surface.
1,683 citations
"The effects of combined micron-/sub..." refers background in this paper
...increased bone-to-implant contact in vivo [26,27] and improved clinical rates of wound healing [28,29]....
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TL;DR: The past five years have witnessed important insights into osteoclast formation and function and many of these discoveries have been made through genetic experiments that involved the rare hereditary disorder osteopetrosis.
Abstract: Osteoclasts are the principal, if not exclusive, bone-resorbing cells, and their activity has a profound impact on skeletal health. So, disorders of skeletal insufficiency, such as osteoporosis, typically represent enhanced osteoclastic bone resorption relative to bone formation. Prevention of pathological bone loss therefore depends on an appreciation of the mechanisms by which osteoclasts differentiate from their precursors and degrade the skeleton. The past five years have witnessed important insights into osteoclast formation and function. Many of these discoveries have been made through genetic experiments that involved the rare hereditary disorder osteopetrosis.
1,548 citations
TL;DR: The results of the present study provided the first evidence of enhanced long-term (on the order of days to weeks) functions of osteoblasts cultured on nanophase ceramics, and clearly represent a unique and promising class of orthopaedic/dental implant formulations with improved osseointegrative properties.
1,275 citations
"The effects of combined micron-/sub..." refers background or result in this paper
...Relatively few studies have examined the effects of nanostructured surfaces on osteoblast differentiation [12,36,37,42,43]....
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...Similar results have been found for ceramic [37] and metallic [38] substrates....
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...Some reports have indicated that increased osteoblast proliferation on nanostructured surfaces coincided with an increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) synthesis, increased Ca-containing mineral deposition [37], and higher immunostaining of osteocalcin (OCN) and osteopontin [36]....
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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that surface roughness alters osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and matrix production in vitro and suggests that implant surfaceroughness may play a role in determining phenotypic expression of cells in vivo.
Abstract: The effect of surface roughness on osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and protein synthesis was examined. Human osteoblast-like cells (MG63) were cultured on titanium (Ti) disks that had been prepared by one of five different treatment regimens. All disks were pretreated with hydrofluoric acid-nitric acid and washed (PT). PT disks were also: washed, and then electropolished (EP); fine sandblasted, etched with HCl and H 2 SO 4 , and washed (FA); coarse sandblasted, etched with HCl and H 2 SO 4 , and washed (CA); or Ti plasma-sprayed (TPS). Standard tissue culture plastic was used as a control. Surface topography and profile were evaluated by brightfield and darkfield microscopy, cold field emission scanning electron microscopy, and laser confocal microscopy, while chemical composition was mapped using energy dispersion X-ray analysis and elemental distribution determined using Auger electron spectroscopy. The effect of surface roughness on the cells was evaluated by measuring cell number, [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into DNA, alkaline phosphatase specific activity, [ 3 H]uridine incorporation into RNA, [ 3 H]proline incorporation into collagenase digestible protein (CDP) and noncollagenase-digestible protein (NCP), and [ 35 S]sulfate incorporation into proteoglycan. Based on surface analysis, the five different Ti surfaces were ranked in order of smoothest to roughest: EP, PT, FA, CA, and TPS. A TiO 2 layer was found on all surfaces that ranged in thickness from 100 A in the smoothest group to 300 A in the roughest. When compared to confluent cultures of cells on plastic, the number of cells was reduced on the TPS surfaces and increased on the EP surfaces, while the number of cells on the other surfaces was equivalent to plastic. [ 3 H]Thymidine incorporation was inversely related to surface roughness. Alkaline phosphatase specific activity in isolated cells was found to decrease with increasing surface roughness, except for those cells cultured on CA. In contrast, enzyme activity in the cell layer was only decreased in cultures grown on FA- and TPS-treated surfaces. A direct correlation between surface roughness and A and CDP production was found. Surface roughness had no apparent effect on NCP production. Proteoglycan synthesis by the cells was inhibited on all the surfaces studied, with the largest inhibition observed in the CA and EP groups. These results demonstrate that surface roughness alters osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and matrix production in vitro. The results also suggest that implant surface roughness may play a role in determining phenotypic expression of cells in vivo
1,117 citations
"The effects of combined micron-/sub..." refers background in this paper
...Surface characteristics such as roughness [3,4], chemistry [5e7] and energy [8,9] have been reported to significantly influence cell differentiation, local factor...
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