The effects of early experience on the adrenocortical response to different magnitudes of stimulation.
TL;DR: Differences between handled and nonhandled animals were unrelated to the magnitude of stimulation but the adrenocotical reactivity of handled animals was less than that of the controls irrespective of the age at which the handling had been experienced.
About: This article is published in Physiology & Behavior.The article was published on 1970-08-01. It has received 96 citations till now.
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TL;DR: The goal in the study of aging is not to halt the process, because the authors can no more be cured of aging than of birth, but to slow and soften the sharpest edges of the biological unraveling that constitutes aging.
Abstract: Over the past 5 yr, we have examined some of the sharpest edges of the pathology of aging. We have studied the capacity of aged organisms to respond appropriately to stress and the capacity of stre...
2,084 citations
TL;DR: The similarities in coping behavior and dysregulation of the HPA axis in PS animals to those in humans with depression, suggest that gestational stress, at a critical time during fetal development, may increase the propensity to develop this condition.
546 citations
TL;DR: The data support the hypothesis of an enhanced negative feedback sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in PTSD and combat veterans with PTSD suppressed cortisol to a greater extent than did combat veterans without PTSD and normal controls in response to both doses of dexamethasone.
Abstract: Background: Our previous studies have suggested that combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning that are different from the well-documented biological changes observed in major depressive disorder and following exposure to stress. Methods: In the present study, we examined cortisol and lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor number before and after the administration of 0.50 and 0.25 mg of dexamethasone in 14 combat veterans with PTSD, 12 combat veterans without PTSD, and 14 nonpsychiatric healthy men. All subjects were medication free at the time of testing and none met diagnostic criteria for major depression or substance dependence. Results: Combat veterans with PTSD suppressed cortisol to a greater extent than did combat veterans without PTSD and normal controls in response to both doses of dexamethasone. Differences in cortisol suppression could not be attributed to substance dependence history or differences in dexamethasone bioavailability. Combat veterans with PTSD showed a larger number of baseline glucocorticoid receptors compared with normal men. Combat veterans without PTSD also had a larger number of baseline glucocorticoid receptors compared with normal men and in fact were comparable to combat veterans with PTSD on this measure. However, only veterans with PTSD showed a decrease in lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor number following dexamethasone administration. Conclusion: The data support the hypothesis of an enhanced negative feedback sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in PTSD.
446 citations
TL;DR: The data show that prenatal stress can cause permanent alterations in the behavior of both sexes in stressful situations but appears to cause a selective effect on the HPA axis in the female rat.
411 citations
TL;DR: Findings of HPA axis dysfunction in both PTSD and major depressive disorder are summarized, and shows distinct patterns of Hpa changes, which are probably due to different mechanisms of action for cortisol and its regulatory factors.
374 citations
Cites background from "The effects of early experience on ..."
...A lower corticosterone response to stress has also been observed in rats stressed in the postweanling period (Ader 1970)....
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TL;DR: The general conclusion is drawn that stimulation in infancy results in an animal which is less responsive to novel stimuli (i.e., is less emotional) as measured both at the behavioral and physiological level.
553 citations
534 citations
TL;DR: It was found that the manipulated rats showed a significant elevation of corticosteroids as early as 15 seconds after shock, whereas the nonmanipulated subjects did not show a significant Elevation of steroids until 5 minutes after a brief shock.
Abstract: Circulating corticosteroids were measured after a brief electric shock in rats which were manipulated during infancy. When compared to nonmanipulated controls it was found that the manipulated rats showed a significant elevation of corticosteroids as early as 15 seconds after shock, whereas the nonmanipulated subjects did not show a significant elevation of steroids until 5 minutes after a brief shock. Further, the levels of corticosteroids were consistently higher in the manipulated subjects over a 15-minute period.
286 citations
268 citations
TL;DR: As a group, however, the corticosterone response of the manipulated animals showed them to be less reactive than controls irrespective of the duration of stimulation.
148 citations