The effects of graphene on the flammability and fire behavior of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene composites at different flame scenarios
TL;DR: In this article, the feasibility of using graphene as an effective synergist for intumescent flame retardant (IFR) is explored, and the flammability test and fire behavior under different fire scenarios are investigated.
About: This article is published in Polymer Degradation and Stability.The article was published on 2017-09-01. It has received 180 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Fire retardant & Flammability.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive review on the design, performances, applications and challenges of polymeric polymeric nanocomposites is presented, focusing on the combination effect between nanomaterials with variable dimensions and scales, and conventional phosphorus-, nitrogen- and/or silicon-containing flame retardants.
342 citations
TL;DR: Improvements in flame retardancy and mechanical performance are achieved by incorporating CPBN in TPU composite, and opens up new avenues for the functionalization of h-BN, and thus facilitates its promising applications in polymer-matrix composite.
254 citations
TL;DR: Simultaneous enhancements in fire safety and mechanical property of thermalplastic polyurethane (TPU) are obtained with the presence of this hybrid, making more efficient load transfer from the weak polymer chains to the robust sheets.
168 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a novel flame retardant mechanism and model were proposed and new understanding of the role of graphene in the combustion of IFR composites was provided, which showed that the well-dispersed graphene results in significantly deteriorated limiting oxygen index and UL-94 rating.
Abstract: Surface feature of ammonium polyphosphate is modified by cation exchange reaction with piperazine, and then reduced graphene oxide nanosheets are attached to the surface of modified flame retardant via hydrogen bonding interactions. Good dispersion of graphene in the polypropylene matrix is observed. The dispersion state of graphene has an abnormal effect on the flammability results under small flame and fire behavior under forced flaming condition of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) composites. The well-dispersed graphene results in significantly deteriorated limiting oxygen index and UL-94 rating. The graphene with good dispersion is adverse to flammability results, which is in contrary to the widely-acknowledged flame retardant mechanisms. Low content of well-dispersed graphene exhibits higher reduction effect on heat release than that of poorly-dispersed counterpart. Novel flame retardant mechanism and model are proposed and new understanding of the role of graphene in the combustion of IFR is provided.
160 citations
143 citations
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TL;DR: This work shows that graphene's electronic structure is captured in its Raman spectrum that clearly evolves with the number of layers, and allows unambiguous, high-throughput, nondestructive identification of graphene layers, which is critically lacking in this emerging research area.
Abstract: Graphene is the two-dimensional building block for carbon allotropes of every other dimensionality We show that its electronic structure is captured in its Raman spectrum that clearly evolves with the number of layers The D peak second order changes in shape, width, and position for an increasing number of layers, reflecting the change in the electron bands via a double resonant Raman process The G peak slightly down-shifts This allows unambiguous, high-throughput, nondestructive identification of graphene layers, which is critically lacking in this emerging research area
13,474 citations
TL;DR: The main flame retardant properties and tests used to describe fire behavior, together with the nature and modes of action of the most representative flame retardants and the synergistic effects that can be achieved by combining them are presented in this paper.
Abstract: The objective of this review is to make the field of “flame retardants for polymer materials” more accessible to the materials science community, i.e. chemists, physicists and engineers. We present the fundamentals of polymer combustion theory, the main flame retardant properties and tests used to describe fire behavior, together with the nature and modes of action of the most representative flame retardants and the synergistic effects that can be achieved by combining them. We particularly focus on polymer nanocomposites, i.e. polymer matrices filled with specific, finely dispersed nanofillers, which will undoubtedly pave the way for future materials combining physicochemical and thermo-mechanical performances with enhanced flame retardant behavior.
1,354 citations
TL;DR: The thermal stability and flame retardancy of polyurethanes is reviewed in this article, where a detailed description of TGA, TGA-MS and TGAFTIR methods for studying the decomposition mechanism and kinetics is also provided.
1,329 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the recent developments concerning the use of layered silicates (clay) for designing polymer nanocomposites endowed with enhanced flame retardancy is presented.
942 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of recent approaches for making intumescent systems is described and commented on, and synergistic aspects using zeolites and organoclays are also considered and discussed new strategies are examined on the basis of the intumescence.
Abstract: Summary: This paper reviews recent approaches for making intumescent systems The mechanisms of action involving intumescence are described and commented on Synergistic aspects using zeolites and organoclays are also considered and discussed New strategies are examined on the basis of the mechanism of intumescence The approach of using char forming polymers as additives (blend technology) is also fully discussed This consists of substituting classical polyols (char forming agents) with char forming polymers (polyamides and thermoplastic polyurethane) It will be shown that the advantages of this concept are to obtain flame-retarded (FR) polymer blends with improved mechanical properties in comparison with polymers loaded with classical formulations, and the avoidance of problems due to the water solubility of the polyols and their migration The “nanocomposite approach” enhances the performance of intumescent systems by using a nanostructured char forming polymer It will be shown that this combination of intumescence via the blending approach and nanocomposites enhances both flame retardancy and mechanical properties, and allows many specifications to be produced (for example, the design of EVA-based materials for flame retarded low voltage cables and wire) This appears to be one of the most promising ways for designing new efficient intumescent materials
Intumescent residue after LOI test of an intumescent poly(propylene)
635 citations