The Effects of Interconnections on High-Speed Logic Circuits
TL;DR: It is shown that high-speed circuitry must be miniaturized and the implications are discussed.
Abstract: By way of worked examples in typical but somewhat idealized cases the effect on circuit speed of circuit interconnections is studied. The source, calculation and minimization of interconnection crosstalk is also discussed. It is shown that high-speed circuitry must be miniaturized and the implications are discussed.
Citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a simple model was proposed to separate calculation of inductive and capacitive coupling between two parallel wires above ground, and it depends on the keepers properties and line spacing whether the resulting coupling is increased or decreased.
Abstract: Flexible ferrite keepers may show relatively high dielectric constants ( \varepsilon_{r} \approx 10 ). In a magnetic thin-film memory, both permeability and permittivity are distributed discontinuously. The distribution affects the transmission and coupling properties of the drive lines. A simple model permits separate calculation of inductive and capacitive coupling between two parallel wires above ground. The keeper reduces the inductive and enhances the capacitive part of coupling. It depends on keeper properties and line spacing whether the resulting coupling is increased or decreased. Experiments confirmed the calculated predictions in general. With both wires and striplines, the keeper will increase coupling in most cases of practical interest. A good keeper should have a dielectric constant as low as possible. Among the samples investigated, those containing the Ni-Zn ferrite proved to be most suitable.
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: The invention of the transistor in 1948, and the rapid development of other semiconductor devices, with their inherent reliability and cheapness, led to the present-day emphasis on digital techniques, almost invariably using solid-state circuits with their dependence on diode and transistor action.
Abstract: No matter how carefully a digital system is designed, satisfactory operation depends very heavily on the reliability of the circuits and components used — the hardware. Ideas originating in the latter part of the nineteenth century with Charles Babbage (see Babbage, 1961) are still used today, but his ‘computing engines’ were never fully operative because the technology of the time was unable to meet the challenge of the close tolerances needed in his machinery. In fact the modern digital computer, which made its appearance in the last few years of the 1940s, would have been an impossible venture only ten years earlier, owing its development to the impetus given to electronics by the Second World War (Metropolis, 1980). The invention of the transistor in 1948, and the rapid development of other semiconductor devices, with their inherent reliability and cheapness, led to the present-day emphasis on digital techniques, almost invariably using solid-state circuits, with their dependence on diode and transistor action.
10 Aug 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , the influence of electroplating wire on the RF performance and transmission characteristics of the signal wire of a ceramic package is studied to improve the electrical performance design ability of the package.
Abstract: In the field of highly reliable ceramic package, in order to realize chip sintering and gold wire bonding, the surface coating of the package is generally achieved by electroplating process. In order to realize the electroplating of the surface pattern of the package, it is necessary to introduce an auxiliary electroplating line on the basis of the original signal line. In this paper, the influence of electroplating wire on the RF performance and transmission characteristics of the signal wire of ceramic package is studied to improve the electrical performance design ability of the package. This paper mainly studies the influence of electroplating lines with different length and width and the position of electroplating lines on the RF performance and transmission characteristics of signal lines, determines the influence degree of electroplating lines on signal lines, forms design rules, and defines the applicable scope of electroplating lines. By changing the length, width and position of the electroplating line, different simulation models are established, and HFSS simulation software is used to study and analyze the influence of the electroplating line on the S parameters and impedance of the signal line in the frequency range of DC~10GHz. The results show that the impedance of the signal line decreases and the RF performance decreases sharply with the increase of the electroplating line. The influence of the electroplating line can be ignored for the signal line with the transmission frequency below 500MHz. The width of the electroplating line has little effect on the RF performance of the signal line. During the wiring of key signal lines, it is suggested that the electroplating line should be set according to the corresponding process rules to increase the process redundancy. The closer the electroplated line is to the wiring ground plane layer, the more discontinuous the impedance, and the greater the impact on the RF performance of the signal line. It is recommended that the electroplated line be placed in the wiring layer away from the ground plane layer in priority during the wiring of key signal lines.
03 Nov 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors derived compact physical models for multilevel interconnect crosstalk that is induced by inter and intra-level near and far aggressors, and they showed that there is a trade-off between CRS and latency, and CRS can be prohibitively large if interconnects operate in the deep RLC region.
Abstract: For the first time, compact physical models are derived for multilevel interconnect crosstalk that is induced by inter and intra-level near and far aggressors. It is shown that there is a trade-off between crosstalk and latency, and crosstalk can be prohibitively large if interconnects operate in the deep RLC region. Repeater insertion is an effective way to simultaneously lower crosstalk and increase wiring density with no significant increase in latency.
23 May 2004
TL;DR: This paper presents a solution through a process known as swizzling; where the order of signal wires in the bus is continuously re-arranged to move attackers and victims away from each other, significantly reducing the inductive coupling for the most vulnerable wires neighboring the attacker with zero area and routing resource penalty.
Abstract: Recent advances in deep sub-micron (DSM) design and manufacturing technologies have considerably increased the importance of inductive coupling effects for long interconnect such as global signal busses in high performance microprocessors. Inductive coupling has been shown to depend directly on the overlap length, signal activity and separating distance for adjacent signal wires. In this paper we present a solution through a process known as swizzling; where the order of signal wires in the bus is continuously re-arranged to move attackers and victims away from each other. We also show that this technique significantly reduces the inductive coupling for the most vulnerable wires neighboring the attacker with zero area and routing resource penalty and without negatively impacting the wires' capacitive coupling.
Cites background from "The Effects of Interconnections on ..."
...As chip designers have been able to address circuit performance limitations and achieve multi-Giga Hertz operating frequencies, the wires interconnecting these circuits have emerged as the most dominant element limiting the performance of modern designs [1] – [4]....
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References
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01 Nov 1954
TL;DR: In this article, a simple configuration of four wires (or two wires and ground) can serve simultaneously as a directional coupler, filter, and transformer, and the coupled lines may be of equal or different impedance.
Abstract: The natural coupling between parallel transmission lines is inherently directional. Very simple and cheap directional couplers can be made which utilize this effect. By introducing appropriate variation of coupling with distance a wide variety of transmission characteristics may be realized, including high-pass (ideally, infinite bandwidth) characteristics. The coupled lines may be of equal or different impedance. Thus, a simple configuration of four wires (or two wires and ground) can serve simultaneously as a directional coupler, filter, and transformer.
215 citations
IBM1
TL;DR: This computer, like the 704, is aimed at scientific problems such as reactor design, hydrodynamics problems, partial differential equations etc., its instruction set and organization are such that it can handle with ease data-processing problems normally associated with commercial applications, such as processing of alphanumeric fields, sorting, and decimal arithmetic.
Abstract: The Stretch Computer project was started in order to achieve two orders of magnitude of improvement in performance over the then existing 704. Although this computer, like the 704, is aimed at scientific problems such as reactor design, hydrodynamics problems, partial differential equations etc., its instruction set and organization are such that it can handle with ease data-processing problems normally associated with commercial applications, such as processing of alphanumeric fields, sorting, and decimal arithmetic.
76 citations
[...]
TL;DR: This paper gives a brief description of work originating in the Computer Group at Manchester University, the name given to a large computing system which can include a variety of peripheral equipments, and an extensive store.
Abstract: This paper gives a brief description of work originating in the Computer Group at Manchester University. Atlas is the name given to a large computing system which can include a variety of peripheral equipments, and an extensive store. All the activities of the system are controlled by a program called the supervisor. Several types of store are used, and the addressing system enables a virtually unlimited amount of each to be included. The primary store consists of magnetic cores with a cycle time of under two microseconds, which is effectively reduced by multiple selection mechanisms. The core store is divided into 512 word "pages"; this is also the size of the fixed blocks on drums and magnetic tapes. The core store and drum store are addressed identically, and drum transfers are performed automatically as described in Section 3. There is a fixed store which consists of a wire mesh into which ferrite slugs are inserted; it has a fast read-out time, and is used to hold common routines including routines of the supervisor. A subsidiary core store is used as working space for the supervisor. The V-store is a collective name given to various flip-flops throughout the computer, which can be read, set, and re-set by reading from or writing to particular store addresses.
28 citations
Book•
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01 Nov 2001
TL;DR: In this article, a brief description of work originating in the Computer Group at Manchester University is given, where the core store is divided into 512 word "pages"; this is also the size of the fixed blocks on drums and magnetic tapes.
Abstract: This paper gives a brief description of work originating in the Computer Group at Manchester University. Atlas is the name given to a large computing system which can include a variety of peripheral equipments, and an extensive store. All the activities of the system are controlled by a program called the supervisor. Several types of store are used, and the addressing system enables a virtually unlimited amount of each to be included. The primary store consists of magnetic cores with a cycle time of under two microseconds, which is effectively reduced by multiple selection mechanisms. The core store is divided into 512 word "pages"; this is also the size of the fixed blocks on drums and magnetic tapes. The core store and drum store are addressed identically, and drum transfers are performed automatically as described in Section 3. There is a fixed store which consists of a wire mesh into which ferrite slugs are inserted; it has a fast read-out time, and is used to hold common routines including routines of the supervisor. A subsidiary core store is used as working space for the supervisor. The V-store is a collective name given to various flip-flops throughout the computer, which can be read, set, and re-set by reading from or writing to particular store addresses.
27 citations
01 Jan 1960
18 citations