The effects of preparation conditions on the properties of electrochemically synthesized thick films of polypyrrole
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of formation parameters (e.g. electrolyte recycling, current density, temperature, solvent, the amount of water in the reaction mixture and film thickness) on the conductivity and morphology of the prepared polypyrrole (PPy) films were studied.
About: This article is published in European Polymer Journal.The article was published on 1994-03-01. It has received 59 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Counterion & Polypyrrole.
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TL;DR: Large differences in roughness were discovered depending on the dopant used and the thickness of the film, while substrate choice had little effect, and PSS proved to be the most stable dopant, though all films experienced significant decay in conductivity and dopant concentration.
Abstract: Polypyrrole (PPy) is an inherently conducting polymer that has shown great promise for biomedical applications within the nervous system. However, to effectively use PPy as a biomaterial implant, it is important to understand and reproducibly control the electrical properties, physical topography and surface chemistry of the polymer. Although there is much research published on the use of PPy in various applications, there is no systematic study linking the methodologies used for PPy synthesis to PPy's basic polymeric properties (e.g., hydrophilicity, surface roughness), and to the biological effects these properties have on cells. Electrochemically synthesized PPy films differ greatly in their characteristics depending on synthesis parameters such as dopant, substrate and thickness, among other parameters. In these studies, we have used three dopants (chloride (Cl), tosylate (ToS), polystyrene sulfonate (PSS)), two substrates (gold and indium tin oxide-coated glass), and a range of thicknesses, to measure and compare the biomedically important characteristics of surface roughness, contact angle, conductivity, dopant stability and cell adhesion (using PC-12 cells and Schwann cells). As predicted, we discovered large differences in roughness depending on the dopant used and the thickness of the film, while substrate choice had little effect. From contact angle measurements, PSS was found to yield the most hydrophilic material, most likely because of free charges from the long PSS chains exposed on the surface of the PPy. ToS-doped PPy films were tenfold more conductive than Cl- or PSS-doped films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies were used to evaluate dopant concentrations of PPy films stored in water and phosphate buffered saline over 14 days, and conductance studies over the same timeframe measured electrical stability. PSS proved to be the most stable dopant, though all films experienced significant decay in conductivity and dopant concentration. Cell adhesion studies demonstrated the dependence of cell outcome on film thickness and dopant choice. The strengths and weaknesses of different synthesis parameters, as demonstrated by these experiments, are critical design factors that must be leveraged when designing biomedical implants. The results of these studies should provide practical insight to researchers working with conducting polymers, and particularly PPy, on the relationships between synthesis parameters, polymeric properties and biological compatibility.
187 citations
Cites background or methods from "The effects of preparation conditio..."
...Theoretical, stochiometric calculations were performed based on the equation given by Stankovic et al (1994) to compare experimental thickness measurements to their predicted values....
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...Previous studies using ClO4 as the dopant have also reported films thicker than theoretical predictions (Stankovic et al 1994), postulating decreases in density as the primary cause....
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...It is well known that synthesis current densities (charge passed per area per time) have significant effects on film morphology and conductivity (Maddison and Unsworth 1989, Schmeisser et al 1993, Stankovic et al 1994)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, all-solid state dye sensitized solar cells were fabricated using in situ photo-electrochemically polymerized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as a hole transport phase.
172 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of polypyrrole (PPy)-coated reticulated vitreous carbon substrates (RVC) electropolymerization conditions and its efficiency toward the reduction of toxic chromate was investigated.
Abstract: Studies of pollution due to hexavalent chromium are important because it represents a risk to human health and the environment. Hexavalent chromium is a toxic substance and has been found to be carcinogenic. Fortunately, its reduced form, Cr(III), is much less toxic. This paper discusses the remediation Cr(VI) by its reduction in aqueous media by polypyrrole (PPy)-coated reticulated vitreous carbon substrates (RVC). The study is focused on the effect of PPy-film electropolymerization conditions and its efficiency toward the reduction of toxic chromate. We have studied parameters such as the influence of the polymerization electrolyte, the scan rate, the potential limits, and the polymerization cycles concerning the reduction capability of the film. Key results obtained in the present study show that in the presence of different anions during formation of the PPy film, the efficiency of chromate reduction depends on the nature of the anion. We found that the films prepared and treated in the presence of KI...
83 citations
TL;DR: Pyrrole- or thiophene-bearing pyridine ligands were designed to synthesize ruthenium complexes with pyrrole or Thiophene groups as sensitizing dye molecules as discussed by the authors.
76 citations
TL;DR: In this article, polypyrrole(dodecylbenzene sulfonate), a type of conjugated polymer that can change volume under electrochemical stimulation, was electrochemically deposited on metal-coated Kapton ® strips using current densities that ranged from 0.4 to 40 mA/cm 2.
Abstract: Polypyrrole(dodecylbenzene sulfonate), a type of conjugated polymer that can change volume under electrochemical stimulation, was electrochemically deposited on metal-coated Kapton ® strips using current densities that ranged from 0.4 to 40 mA/cm 2 . The resulting bending beams were subjected to various voltage and current stimulation waveforms, and the beam movements and electrochemical activity were recorded. The extent of beam curling during cyclic voltammetry and potential stepping correlated inversely with deposition current density. However, during current stepping, the curling did not depend on deposition current density. Rather, it depended only on the amount of charge exchanged.
66 citations
References
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01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the theory and properties of conjugated polymers, including transport, optical, and self-assembly properties of poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)-polymers.
Abstract: Volume 1: Conjugated Polymers: Theory, Synthesis, Properties, and Characterization PART 1: THEORY OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS On the Transport, Optical, and Self-Assembly Properties of -Conjugated Materials: A Combined Theoretical/Experimental Insight D. Beljonne, J. Cornil, V. Coropceanu, D.A. da Silva Filho, V. Geskin, R. Lazzaroni, P. Leclere, and J.-L. Bredas Theoretical Studies of Electron-Lattice Dynamics in Organic Systems S. Stafstroem PART 2: SYNTHESIS AND CLASSES OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS Helical Polyacetylene Synthesized in Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals K. Akagi Synthesis and Properties of Poly(arylene vinylene)s A.C. Grimsdale and A.B. Holmes Blue-Emitting Poly(para-Phenylene)-Type Polymers E.J.W. List and U. Scherf Poly(paraPhenyleneethynylene)s and Poly(aryleneethynylene)s: Materials with a Bright Future U.H.F. Bunz Polyaniline Nanofibers: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications J. Huang and R.B. Kaner Recent Advances in Polypyrrole S.H. Cho, K.T. Song, and J.Y. Lee Regioregular Polythiophenes M. Jeffries-El and R.D. McCullough Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)-Scientific Importance, Remarkable Properties, and Applications S. Kirchmeyer, K. Reuter, and J.C. Simpson Thienothiophenes: From Monomers to Polymers G.A. Sotzing, V. Seshadri, and F.J. Waller Low Bandgap Conducting Polymers S.C. Rasmussen and M. Pomerantz Advanced Functional Polythiophenes Based on Tailored Precursors P. Blanchard, P. Leriche, P. Frere, and J. Roncali Structure-Property Relationships and Applications of Conjugated Polyelectrolytes K.S. Schanze and X. Zhao PART 3: PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS Insulator-Metal Transition and Metallic State in Conducting Polymers A.J. Epstein One-Dimensional Charge Transport in Conducting Polymer Nanofibers A.N. Aleshin and Y.W. Park Structure Studies of - and - Conjugated Polymers M.J. Winokur Electrochemistry of Conducting Polymers P. Audebert and F. Miomandre Internal Fields and Electrode Interfaces in Organic Semiconductor Devices: Noninvasive Investigations via Electroabsorption T.M. Brown and F. Cacialli Electrochromism of Conjugated Conducting Polymers A.L. Dyer and J.R. Reynolds Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Conjugated Polymers M.P. de Jong, G. Greczyniski, W. Osikowicz, R. Friedlein, X. Crispin, M. Fahlman, and W.R. Salaneck Ultrafast Exciton Dynamics and Laser Action in -ConjugatedSemiconductors Z. Valy Vardeny and O. Korovyanko Volume 2: Conjugated Polymers: Processing and Applications PART 1: PROCESSING OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS Conductive Polymers as Organic Nanometals B. Wessling Conducting Polymer Fiber Production and Applications I.D. Norris and B.R. Mattes Inkjet Printing and Patterning of PEDOT-PSS: Application to Optoelectronic Devices Y. Yoshioka and G.E. Jabbour Printing Organic Electronics on Flexible Substrates N.D. Robinson and M. Berggren PART 2: APPLICATIONS AND DEVICES BASED ON CONJUGATED POLYMERS Polymers for Use in Polymeric Light-Emitting Diodes: Structure-Property Relationships H. Christian-Pandya, S. Vaidyanathan, and M. Galvin Organic Electro-Optic Materials L.R. Dalton Conjugated Polymer Electronics-Engineering Materials and Devices N. Tessler, J. Veres, O. Globerman, N. Rappaport, Y. Preezant, Y. Roichman, O. Solomesch, S. Tal, E. Gershman, M. Adler, V. Zolotarev, V. Gorelik, and Y. Eichen Electrical Bistable Polymer Films and Their Applications in Memory Devices J. Ouyang, C.-W. Chu, R.J. Tseng, A. Prakash, and Y. Yang Electroactive Polymers for Batteries and Supercapacitors J.A. Irvin, D.J. Irvin, and J.D. Stenger-Smith Conjugated Polymer-Based Photovoltaic Devices A.J. Mozer and N.S. Sariciftci Biomedical Applications of Inherently Conducting Polymers (ICPs),P.C. Innis, S.E. Moulton, and G.G. Wallace Biosensors Based on Conducting Electroactive Polymers S. Brahim, A.M. Wilson, and A. Guiseppi-Elie Optical Biosensors Based on Conjugated Polymers K. Peter, R. Nilsson, and O. Inganas Conjugated Polymers for Microelectromechanical and Other Microdevices G.M. Spinks and E. Smela Corrosion Protection Using Conducting Polymers D.E. Tallman and G.P. Bierwagen Artificial Muscles T.F. Otero
5,843 citations
12 Apr 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, Fleig et al. discuss nonlinear dynamics in electrochemical systems, Katharina Krischer the electrochemistry of diamond, Yuri V. Pleskov passivity of metals, Hans-Henning Strehblow.
Abstract: Microelectrodes in solid-state ionics, Jurgen Fleig nonlinear dynamics in electrochemical systems, Katharina Krischer the electrochemistry of diamond, Yuri V. Pleskov passivity of metals, Hans-Henning Strehblow.
1,108 citations
TL;DR: The electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole on platinum produces a strongly adhered, durable film with enhanced conductivity and good electrode properties as mentioned in this paper, which can be used to construct a durable film.
Abstract: The electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole on platinum produces a strongly adhered, durable film with enhanced conductivity and good electrode properties.
894 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the initial step in the formation of all polypyrrole films is a nucleation process and that all the electrochemical data resembles that for the nucleation and growth of a metal film.
516 citations
IBM1
TL;DR: In this article, optical spectroscopy studies of both the electrochemically oxidized and the neutral polymer suggest the presence of highly mobile spins, consistent with the α,α' bonding in these polymers.
Abstract: Oxidized and neutral films of polypyrrole have been prepared electrochemically in the absence of oxygen and water. The neutral films are insulating and can be readily oxidized by chemical oxidizing agents to give films of greater conductivity than can be achieved by electrochemical oxidation. Optical spectroscopy provides evidence for the similarity of the polymeric carbonium ion produced by both types of oxidation. NMR studies are consistent with the α,α’ bonding in these polymers; they also show the expected downfield shifts relative to the neutral polymer on both chemical and electrochemical oxidation. ESR studies of both the electrochemically oxidized and the neutral polymer suggest the presence of highly mobile spins.
390 citations