The effects of social information on the enjoyment of online videos: An eye tracking study on the role of attention
TL;DR: The authors showed that the valence of user comments (i.e., social information) presented alongside online videos can alter viewers' enjoyment of videos, but it is unclear how much atte...
Abstract: Recent experiments showed that the valence of user comments (i.e., social information) presented alongside online videos can alter viewers’ enjoyment of videos. However, it is unclear how much atte...
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19 Jul 2020
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored pointer assisted reading (PAR), a reading behavior consisting of moving the mouse cursor (also known as the pointer) along sentences to mark the reading position, similarly to finger-pointing when reading a book.
Abstract: This paper explores Pointer Assisted Reading (PAR), a reading behavior consisting of moving the mouse cursor (also known as the pointer) along sentences to mark the reading position, similarly to finger-pointing when reading a book. The study shows that PAR is an uncommon reading technique and examines methods to extract and visualize the PAR activity of web users. An analysis shows that PAR data of real users reveal reading properties, such as speed, and reading patterns, such as skipping and rereading. Eye-tracking is usually used to analyze user reading behaviors. This paper advocates for considering PAR-tracking as a feasible alternative to eye-tracking on websites, as tracking the eye gaze of ordinary web users is usually impractical. PAR data might help in spotting quality issues in the textual content of a website, such as unclear text or content that might not interest the website users, based on analyzing reading properties and patterns (e.g. reading speed, skipping, and rereading). Accordingly, PAR-tracking may have various practical applications in a wide range of fields, and particularly in educational technology, e-learning, and web analytics.
9 citations
30 Jun 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on mouse movement directions and speeds, and what they indicate, rather than on the mouse cursor position, and found that most mouse movements in the examined usage data are either approximately horizontal or approximately vertical, horizontal mouse movements are more frequent than vertical mouse movements, and horizontal movements to the left and to the right are not equivalent in terms of moving time and speed.
Abstract: Mouse activity is known as an important indicator of user attention and interest on a web page. Many modern commercial web analytics services record and report mouse activity of users on websites. The position of the mouse cursor on the screen is the main source of information, as studies show a correlation between the cursor position during mouse activity and the user's eye gaze. This study focuses on mouse movement directions and speeds, and what they indicate, rather than on the mouse cursor position. Statistical analysis of mouse movements on a technical-educational website, which was selected for this study, sheds light on several interesting patterns. For example, most mouse movements in the examined usage data are either approximately horizontal or approximately vertical, horizontal mouse movements are more frequent than vertical mouse movements, and horizontal movements to the left and to the right are not equivalent in terms of moving time and speed. As this study shows, these statistical findings are related to the reading patterns and behaviors of web users. Associating mouse movements with text reading may potentially highlight content that most users tend to skip, and therefore, might not interest the website audience, and content that many readers read more than once or slowly, meaning it is possibly unclear. This could be useful in locating issues in textual content, in websites in general, and especially in online learning and educational technology applications.
9 citations
Cites background from "The effects of social information o..."
...This ability has been demonstrated in various applications, including in evaluating user attention to ads [15], identifying issues in a user interface [8], assessing web user interest on mobile devices [16], verifying that users pay attention when they authorize permissions [9], detecting user stress [23], and evaluating user enjoyment from online videos [18]....
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TL;DR: The results indicate that if viewers are exposed to social information before watching a video, a processing effect emerges on their enjoyment as they are watching, and a judgement effect on their retrospective video enjoyment occurs but not on their video evaluations.
Abstract: Online video platforms often present videos together with social information in the form of user comments and likes. This study tested two hypotheses about how this merger of mass and interpersonal communication on online video platforms shapes viewers’ evaluations and enjoyment of online videos. Whereas the judgement effect hypothesis states that social information alters viewers’ video evaluations, the processing effect hypothesis poses that it influences viewers’ enjoyment while they are watching videos. Using real-time response measures, this experiment pitted both hypotheses against each other. The results indicate that if viewers are exposed to social information before watching a video, a processing effect emerges on their enjoyment as they are watching. If viewers are exposed to social information after watching a video, a judgement effect on their retrospective video enjoyment occurs but not on their video evaluations. These new insights advance our understanding of how social information affects video viewers.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of satire consumption may be highly conditional on the user comments that are surrounding it, by manipulating the comments generated by the satire content itself and the content surrounding it.
Abstract: Political satire is often consumed on online platforms (e.g. YouTube) and the effects of its consumption may be highly conditional on the user comments that are surrounding it. By manipulating the ...
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of television viewing in early childhood, especially for the viewing of fast-paced entertainment programs, have been investigated and no evidence of harmful effects have been found.
Abstract: Correlational studies have suggested some harmful effects of television viewing in early childhood, especially for the viewing of fast-paced entertainment programs. However, this has not been consi...
1 citations
References
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01 Dec 1969TL;DR: The concepts of power analysis are discussed in this paper, where Chi-square Tests for Goodness of Fit and Contingency Tables, t-Test for Means, and Sign Test are used.
Abstract: Contents: Prefaces. The Concepts of Power Analysis. The t-Test for Means. The Significance of a Product Moment rs (subscript s). Differences Between Correlation Coefficients. The Test That a Proportion is .50 and the Sign Test. Differences Between Proportions. Chi-Square Tests for Goodness of Fit and Contingency Tables. The Analysis of Variance and Covariance. Multiple Regression and Correlation Analysis. Set Correlation and Multivariate Methods. Some Issues in Power Analysis. Computational Procedures.
115,069 citations
"The effects of social information o..." refers background in this paper
...An a priori power analysis indicated that to detect a small effect (i.e., with part. η2 = .05), a total sample of 186 participants was required (Cohen, 1988; Faul, Erdfelder, Lang, & Buchner, 2007)....
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49,129 citations
TL;DR: G*Power 3 provides improved effect size calculators and graphic options, supports both distribution-based and design-based input modes, and offers all types of power analyses in which users might be interested.
Abstract: G*Power (Erdfelder, Faul, & Buchner, 1996) was designed as a general stand-alone power analysis program for statistical tests commonly used in social and behavioral research. G*Power 3 is a major extension of, and improvement over, the previous versions. It runs on widely used computer platforms (i.e., Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Mac OS X 10.4) and covers many different statistical tests of thet, F, and χ2 test families. In addition, it includes power analyses forz tests and some exact tests. G*Power 3 provides improved effect size calculators and graphic options, supports both distribution-based and design-based input modes, and offers all types of power analyses in which users might be interested. Like its predecessors, G*Power 3 is free.
40,195 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that bad is stronger than good, as a general principle across a broad range of psychological phenomena, such as bad emotions, bad parents, bad feedback, and bad information is processed more thoroughly than good.
Abstract: The greater power of bad events over good ones is found in everyday events, major life events (e.g., trauma), close relationship outcomes, social network patterns, interpersonal interactions, and learning processes. Bad emotions, bad parents, and bad feedback have more impact than good ones, and bad information is processed more thoroughly than good. The self is more motivated to avoid bad self-definitions than to pursue good ones. Bad impressions and bad stereotypes are quicker to form and more resistant to disconfirmation than good ones. Various explanations such as diagnosticity and salience help explain some findings, but the greater power of bad events is still found when such variables are controlled. Hardly any exceptions (indicating greater power of good) can be found. Taken together, these findings suggest that bad is stronger than good, as a general principle across a broad range of psychological phenomena.
5,340 citations
"The effects of social information o..." refers background or result in this paper
...On the one hand, the significant difference in the negative comments condition and the non-significant difference in the positive comments condition can be regarded as further support for the literature on the negativity bias (Baumeister et al., 2001; Rozin & Royzman, 2001)....
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...The negativity bias is said to have evolutionary origins: The ability to quickly detect and react to negative events increases a species’ chance to survive threats and, thus, supports its adaptation to the environment (Baumeister et al., 2001)....
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01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: This paper found that bad is stronger than good, as a general principle across a broad range of psychological phenomena, such as bad emotions, bad parents, bad feedback, and bad information is processed more thoroughly than good.
Abstract: The greater power of bad events over good ones is found in everyday events, major life events (e.g., trauma), close relationship outcomes, social network patterns, interpersonal interactions, and learning processes. Bad emotions, bad parents, and bad feedback have more impact than good ones, and bad information is processed more thoroughly than good. The self is more motivated to avoid bad self-definitions than to pursue good ones. Bad impressions and bad stereotypes are quicker to form and more resistant to disconfirmation than good ones. Various explanations such as diagnosticity and salience help explain some findings, but the greater power of bad events is still found when such variables are controlled. Hardly any exceptions (indicating greater power of good) can be found. Taken together, these findings suggest that bad is stronger than good, as a general principle across a broad range of psychological phenomena.
4,933 citations