The effects of the acetic acid “pain” test on feeding, swimming, and respiratory responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): A critique on Newby and Stevens (2008)

doi:10.1016/J.APPLANIM.2008.07.006

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The effects of the acetic acid “pain” test on feeding, swimming, and respiratory responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): A critique on Newby and Stevens (2008)

Journal Article•DOI•

The effects of the acetic acid “pain” test on feeding, swimming, and respiratory responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): A critique on Newby and Stevens (2008)

Lynne U. Sneddon

15 Jan 2009-Applied Animal Behaviour Science (Elsevier)-Vol. 116, Iss: 1, pp 96-97

TL;DR: (2008).

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About: This article is published in Applied Animal Behaviour Science.The article was published on 2009-01-15 and is currently open access. It has received 4 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Rainbow trout.

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Summary

The authors also used a completely different housing design where fish where held in barren, cylindrical tanks rather than standard, rectangular tanks with gravel.
If the tanks are cylindrical without flat surfaces or gravel, there is no substrate for the animals to perform these behaviours.
The authors research has also demonstrated that rainbow trout do not perform anomalous behaviours or exhibit such high physiological alterations in a barren environment as they do in an enriched environment.
This most likely led to stress-induced analgesia since high cortisol results in the release of betaendorphin in fish (van den Burg et al., 2005) and, therefore, no suspension in feeding or performance of pain-related behaviours was observed as pain would be reduced centrally.
The ethical guidelines followed by this journal state that ''Procedures with animals that may cause more than momentary or minimal pain or distress should be performed with appropriate sedation, analgesia, or anesthesia in accordance with accepted veterinary practice.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Can fish really feel pain

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James D. Rose¹, Robert Arlinghaus², Robert Arlinghaus³, Steven J. Cooke⁴, B. K. Diggles, W. Sawynok, E. D. Stevens⁵, Clive D. L. Wynne⁶ - Show less +4 more•Institutions (6)

University of Wyoming¹, Humboldt University of Berlin², Leibniz Association³, Carleton University⁴, University of Prince Edward Island⁵, University of Florida⁶

01 Mar 2014-Fish and Fisheries

TL;DR: Overall, the behavioral and neurobiological evidence reviewed shows fish responses to nociceptive stimuli are limited and fishes are unlikely to experience pain.

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Abstract: We review studies claiming that fish feel pain and find deficiencies in the methods used for pain identification, particularly for distinguishing unconscious detection of injurious stimuli (nociception) from conscious pain. Results were also frequently misinterpreted and not replicable, so claims that fish feel pain remain unsubstantiated. Comparable problems exist in studies of invertebrates. In contrast, an extensive literature involving surgeries with fishes shows normal feeding and activity immediately or soon after surgery. C fiber nociceptors, the most prevalent type in mammals and responsible for excruciating pain in humans, are rare in teleosts and absent in elasmobranchs studied to date. A-delta nociceptors, not yet found in elasmobranchs, but relatively common in teleosts, likely serve rapid, less noxious injury signaling, triggering escape and avoidance responses. Clearly, fishes have survived well without the full range of nociception typical of humans or other mammals, a circumstance according well with the absence of the specialized cortical regions necessary for pain in humans. We evaluate recent claims for consciousness in fishes, but find these claims lack adequate supporting evidence, neurological feasibility, or the likelihood that consciousness would be adaptive. Even if fishes were conscious, it is unwarranted to assume that they possess a human-like capacity for pain. Overall, the behavioral and neurobiological evidence reviewed shows fish responses to nociceptive stimuli are limited and fishes are unlikely to experience pain.

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224 citations

Cites background or result from "The effects of the acetic acid “pai..."

...Newby and Stevens were not able to provide a definitive explanation for the differences in results between their study and those of Sneddon et al. but some possible reasons were considered in subsequent discussion (Newby and Stevens 2009; Sneddon 2009)....
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...In a reply to the Newby and Stevens paper, Sneddon (2009) said that her Sneddon et al. (2003a) study employed 0.1% acid injections and that the 5% injections used by Newby and Stevens would have destroyed nociceptive afferents....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Behavioural effects of the commonly used fish anaesthetic tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) and its relevance for the acetic acid pain test.

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Janicke Nordgreen, Fernanda M. Tahamtani, Andrew M. Janczak, Tor Einar Horsberg

21 Mar 2014-PLOS ONE

TL;DR: It is indicated that tricaine has no effect on several commonly used behavioural parameters, and that it may be unnecessary to postpone behavioural observations to 30 min after anaesthesia.

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Abstract: The pros and cons of using anaesthesia when handling fish in connection with experiments are debated. A widely adopted practice is to wait thirty minutes after anaesthesia before behavioural observations are initiated, but information about immediate effects of a treatment is then lost. This is pertinent for responses to acute stressors, such as acid injection in the acetic acid pain test. However, omission of anaesthetics in order to obtain data on immediate responses will compromise the welfare of fish and contribute to experimental noise due to stress. We therefore tested the effect of tricaine methanesulfonate on the behaviour of zebrafish. We predicted that tricaine (MS 222) would decrease swimming velocity and that the control fish would show an increased level of anxiety- and stress-related behaviours compared to the tricaine group. Following acclimatization to the test tank, baseline behaviour was recorded before immersion in either tricaine (168 mg l(-1), treatment group, N = 8) or tank water (control group, N = 7). Latencies to lose equilibrium and to lose response to touch were registered. The fish was then returned to the test tank, and the latency to regain equilibrium was registered in anaesthetized fish. When equilibrium was regained, and at five, thirty and sixty minutes after the fish had been returned to the test tank, behaviour was recorded. The tricaine fish showed the following responses (mean ± sd): latency to lose equilibrium 22.6 s±3.9; latency to lose response to touch 101.9 s±26.8; latency to regain equilibrium 92.0 s±54.4. Contrary to our predictions, neither treatment caused a change in any of the behaviours registered. This indicates that tricaine has no effect on several commonly used behavioural parameters, and that it may be unnecessary to postpone behavioural observations to 30 min after anaesthesia.

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47 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The dose–response relation for the antinociceptive effect of morphine in a fish, rainbow trout

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S. G. Jones¹, C. Kamunde¹, K. Lemke¹, E. D. Stevens¹•Institutions (1)

University of Prince Edward Island¹

01 Dec 2012-Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

TL;DR: The observation showing a dose-response relation for morphine using a noxious stimulus supports arguments for its effectiveness as an antinociceptive drug in fish.

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Abstract: Jones, S. G., Kamunde, C., Lemke, K., Stevens, E. D. The dose–response relation for the antinociceptive effect of morphine in a fish, rainbow trout. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 563–570. There have been suggestions that analgesics be used by fish researchers. But in the absence of dose–response data for morphine, this suggestion seems imprudent. The purpose of the present study was to develop a dose–response relationship in fish using six doses of morphine. The response (movement of the fins or tail) to a noxious stimulus (electrical shock to the face region) was monitored before and after a dose of morphine intraperitoneally (i.p.). The i.p. dose of morphine ED50 in rainbow trout was 6.7 ± 0.8 mg/kg (n = 12 at each dose). The plasma morphine concentration EC50 was 4.1 ± 1.5 mg/L. In a second experiment, rainbow trout tested with equal amounts of morphine and naloxone (30 mg/kg) showed that the antinociceptive effect of morphine was blocked by naloxone. It has been suggested that stress-induced analgesia has been a confounding factor in some fish studies. However, plasma cortisol levels in our study indicated that stress was not a confounding factor in the present experiments. The ED50 for morphine in fish was higher than that reported for humans or other mammals. Our observation showing a dose–response relation for morphine using a noxious stimulus supports arguments for its effectiveness as an antinociceptive drug in fish.

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24 citations

Cites background or result from "The effects of the acetic acid “pai..."

...Our rationale for measuring cortisol was that it has been argued that some of the discrepancies in the literature regarding nociception in fishes could be due to stress-induced analgesia (Newby & Stevens, 2009; Sneddon, 2009)....
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...We also measured plasma cortisol levels in our experiments because it has been argued that ‘stress-induced’ analgesia is a confounding factor that could explain some of the discrepancies in the literature regarding analgesia in fish (Newby & Stevens, 2009; Sneddon, 2009)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The effects of the acetic acid “pain” test on feeding, swimming, and respiratory responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): A critique on Newby and Stevens (2008)—Response

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Nathalie C. Newby¹, E. Don Stevens•Institutions (1)

University of Guelph¹

15 Jan 2009-Applied Animal Behaviour Science

8 citations

References

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Journal Article•DOI•

The effects of the acetic acid “pain” test on feeding, swimming, and respiratory responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

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Nathalie C. Newby¹, E. Don Stevens¹•Institutions (1)

University of Guelph¹

01 Nov 2008-Applied Animal Behaviour Science

TL;DR: The purpose of the present study was to examine the response of rainbow trout that were not anaesthetised during the acetic acid test to determine nociceptive thresholds and efficacy of analgesics.

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26 citations

"The effects of the acetic acid “pai..." refers background in this paper

...The effects of the acetic acid “pain” test on feeding, swimming, and respiratory responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a critique on Newby and Stevens (2008)....
[...]
...The effects of the acetic acid “pain” test on feeding, swimming, and respiratory responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): A critique on Newby and Stevens (2008)...
[...]
...The effects of the acetic acid ‘‘pain’’ test on feeding, swimming, and respiratory responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): A critique on Newby and Stevens (2008)...
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...The Newby and Stevens’ (2008) study raises a very serious ethical point about the treatment of animals in pain experimentation....
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...The effects of the acetic acid ‘‘pain’’ test on feeding, swimming, and respiratory responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): A critique on Newby and Stevens (2008) Newby and Stevens’ (2008) paper ‘‘The effects of the acetic acid ‘pain’ test on feeding, swimming, and respiratory responses of…...
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Journal Article•DOI•

Plasma α-MSH and acetylated β-endorphin levels following stress vary according to CRH sensitivity of the pituitary melanotropes in common carp, Cyprinus carpio

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E.H. van den Burg¹, Juriaan R. Metz¹, F.A.T. Spanings¹, S.E. Wendelaar Bonga¹, Gert Flik¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

Radboud University Nijmegen¹

01 Feb 2005-General and Comparative Endocrinology

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of stressors on plasma concentrations of these hormones are highly inconsistent among fish species, and also within a species, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), fish sometimes respond with elevated alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and NAc beta-end plasma levels, and at other times not.

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25 citations

Novel object test: examining pain and fear in the rainbow trout.

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Lynne Sneddon

01 Jan 2003

19 citations

"The effects of the acetic acid “pai..." refers background or result in this paper

...Again, it is vital to follow established experimental protocol to obtain similar results (Sneddon, 2003a; Sneddon, 2007; Sneddon et al., 2003a,b; Reilly et al., 2008)....
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...This demonstrates the importance of following the experimental design of published studies to get comparable results (Sneddon, 2003a; Sneddon, 2007; Sneddon et al., 2003a,b; Reilly et al., 2008)....
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...…behaviours such as rocking, where the fish is situated on a gravel substrate and rocks to and fro on either pectoral fin (Sneddon et al., 2003a), and rubbing where the fish rubs the injection site into the gravel and sides of tanks (Sneddon, 2003a; Sneddon et al., 2003a; Reilly et al., 2008)....
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...…the ability to perform behaviours such as rocking, where the fish is situated on a gravel substrate and rocks to and fro on either pectoral fin (Sneddon et al., 2003a), and rubbing where the fish rubs the injection site into the gravel and sides of tanks (Sneddon, 2003a; Sneddon et al., 2003a;…...
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...…on feeding, swimming, and respiratory responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)’’ examines the effects of a noxious stimulus on the behaviour of trout in an attempt to replicate research conducted in my laboratory (Sneddon, 2003a; Sneddon, 2007; Sneddon et al., 2003a,b; Reilly et al., 2008)....
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Anatomical and electrophysiological analysis of the trigeminal nerve of the rainbow trout, Onchorynchus mykiss

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Lynne Sneddon

01 Jan 2002

15 citations

"The effects of the acetic acid “pai..." refers background in this paper

...In their protocol, they restrain trout without anaesthesia and insert a hypodermic needle into a very sensitive area of skin innervated by nociceptors (Sneddon, 2002, 2003b; Ashley et al., 2006) and administer a high concentration of damaging substance....
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...For more information, please contact wbisr-info@wellbeingintl.org....
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