The efficacy of four seed powders and the essential oils as protectants of cowpea and maize grains against infestation by Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricus) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Nigeria
01 Jan 1996-International Journal of Pest Management (Taylor & Francis Group)-Vol. 42, Iss: 3, pp 143-146
TL;DR: Essential oils of D. tripetela and P. guineense achieved 100% mortality of adults of Callosobruchus maculatus and Sitophilus zeamais in 24 h and cowpea and maize grains treated with seed oils suppressed the e...
Abstract: Seed powders and the essential oils of Dennettia tripetela Baker F., Piper guineense Schum and Thonn, Mondora myristica (Gaerth) Dunal and Xylopia aethiopica Dunal A. Rich were evaluated for their effectiveness in protecting cowpea and maize grains during storage. D. tripetela powder mixed with maize grains, at 1.5 g per 25 g was significantly more effective (P < 0.05) than P. guineense, M. myristica and X. aethiopica in achieving 100% mortality of adults of Sitophilus zeamais in 24 h, and was also as effective as pirimiphosmethyl (10 ppm) in achieving 100% mortality of adult weevil in 24 h, 3 months after treatment at a dose of 3g per 25 g. There was no F1 emergence except in grains treated with M. myristica, X. aethiopica and the untreated controls. Essential oils of D. tripetela and P. guineense achieved 100% mortality of adults of Callosobruchus maculatus and Sitophilus zeamais in 24 h. Except in cowpea treated with X. aethiopica cowpea and maize grains treated with seed oils suppressed the e...
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TL;DR: The reduction in growth rate of T. castaneum larvae and S. zeamais adults was mainly due to a behavioural (feeding deterrent) action rather than to post-ingestive toxicity of the oil, and the essential oil had a weaker feeding deterrent action against E. rutaecarpa.
371 citations
TL;DR: Essential oils isolated from seven aromatic plants grown in Colombia were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and evaluated for repellent activity against Sitophilus zeamais using the area preference method, with Lippia origanoides the most active.
187 citations
01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: Recently, the popularity of botanical pesticides is once again increasing and some plant products are being used globally as green pesticides as discussed by the authors, which has led to the development of resistant strains of pests as well as different environmental and human health problems.
Abstract: The increasing concern over the level of pesticide residues in food has encouraged researchers to look for alternatives of synthetic pesticides. Their indiscriminate use has led to the development of resistant strains of pests as well as different environmental and human health problems. Recently, in different parts of the world, attention has been paid towards exploitation of higher plant products as novel chemotherapeutants in plant protection. Because of non phytotoxicity, systemicity, easy biodegradability and stimulatory nature of host metabolism, plant products possess the potential in pest management. Used widely until the 1940’s, these natural pesticides were displaced by modern synthetic pesticides that at the time seemed cheaper, easier and long lasting. The popularity of botanical pesticides is once again increasing and some plant products are being used globally as green pesticides. The body of scientific literature documenting bioactivity of plant derivatives to different pests continues to expand, yet only a handful of botanicals are currently used in agriculture. Pyrethroids and neem products are well established commercially as botanical pesticides and recently some essential oils of higher plants have also been used as antimicrobials against storage pests because of their relatively safe status and wide acceptance by the consumers. Some of the volatile oils, which often contain the principal aromatic and flavouring components of herbs and spices, have been recommended as plant based antimicrobials to retard microbial contamination and reduction in spoilage of food commodities. Furthermore, some of the antimicrobial plant products also possess strong antioxidant activities which are favourable properties to combat free radical mediated organoleptic deterioration of plant commodities and enhancing their shelf life. In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical pesticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and post harvest protection of food products in developing countries.
147 citations
Cites methods from "The efficacy of four seed powders a..."
...Another method is the use of synthetic fumigants, which has also led to increased cost of application, pestresistance, lethal effects on non target organisms and toxicity to users (Okonkwo and Okoye, 1996)....
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TL;DR: EOs from plants cultivated in Colombia are sources of repellents against T. castaneum, and compounds from EOs, such benzyl benzoate, β-myrcene, and carvone showed good repellent properties.
Abstract: A tool for integrated pest management is the use of essential oils (EOs) and plant extracts. In this study, EOs from Tagetes lucida , Lepechinia betonicifolia , Lippia alba , Cananga odorata , and Rosmarinus officinalis , species grown in Colombia, were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. These oils as well as several of their constituents were tested for repellent activity against Tribolium castaneum , using the area preference method. The main components (>10%) found in EOs were methylchavicol, limonene/α-pinene, carvone/limonene, benzyl acetate/linalool/benzyl benzoate, and α-pinene, for T. lucida, L. betonicifolia, L. alba, C. odorata, and R. officinalis, respectively. All EOs were repellent, followed a dose-response relationship, and had bioactivity similar to or better than that of commercial compound IR3535. EOs from C. odorata and L. alba were the most active. Compounds from EOs, such benzyl benzoate, β-myrcene, and carvone, showed good repellent properties. In short, EOs from plants cultivated in Colombia are sources of repellents against T. castaneum.
137 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that origanum oil and its components could be potential candidates as a fumigant and repellent for managing T. castaneum adults.
Abstract: The components of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil showing insecticidal activity and repellency against red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), adults were analysed by GC-MS. All constituents were identified, and the main components were carvacrol (67.2%), p-cymene (16.2%), γ-terpinene (5.5%), thymol (4.9%), and linalool (2.1%). In a vapor phase fumigant assay, the origanum oil was more effective in closed conditions (LD50 = 0.055 mg/cm3) than in open conditions (LD50 > 0.353 mg/cm3). This suggests that toxicity is exerted largely in the vapor phase. Based on 24-h LD50 values, the toxicity of caryophyllene oxide (0.00018 mg/cm3) was comparable with that of dichlorvos (0.00007 mg/cm3). In addition, thymol, camphene, α-pinene, p-cymene, and γ-terpinene showed good insecticidal activity (LD50 = 0.012–0.195 mg/cm3). In repellency tests using 9 constituents of origanum oil, caryophyllene oxide showed complete repellency at 0.03 mg/cm2. Hydrogenated monoterpenoids, such as thymol, α-pinene, carvacrol, and myrcene, elicited strong repellency at 0.03 and 0.006 mg/cm2. Repellency depended on both time and concentration. These results indicate that origanum oil and its components could be potential candidates as a fumigant and repellent for managing T. castaneum adults.
136 citations
References
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TL;DR: Piper guíneense Schum and Thonn, mixed with cowpea seeds, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp, was significantly superior to the large, red and mild Capsicum annum var connoides (Miller) and the small,red and pungent Capsicum frutescens L. frutes censored in causing up to 96% mortality to adults of Callosobruchus maculatus F. within 48 hr.
Abstract: Piper guineense Schum and Thonn, mixed with cowpea seeds, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp, was significantly superior (P < 0.05) to the large, red and mild Capsicum annum var connoides (Miller) and the small, red and pungent Capsicum frutescens L. in causing up to 96% mortality to adults of Callosobruchus maculatus F. within 48 hr. When applied as ground pepper, P. guineense was more active insecticidally than when applied as whole fruits. Adult bruchids in contact with P. guineense showed significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the numbers of eggs laid, and in the numbers of F1, offspring that emerged compared with adult bruchids exposed to the same doses of C. annum or C. frutescens respectively. Neither of the peppers reduced the viability of the cowpea seeds or the absorption of water needed to soften the seed testa for decortication before cooking or processing. At a cost price of U.S.A. $0.003 per 1 g of black pepper, and an effective application rate of 1 g black pepper to 20 g cowpea, there is a saving of over $750 by disinfesting a ton of cowpea with black pepper for a storage period of 2–3 months in a metallic drum which costs less than $50.00
96 citations
TL;DR: Ground black pepper and its 95% ethanol crude extract were highly toxic to the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and TLC analysis indicated that the activity may be ascribed to its other chemical components in conjunction or synergism to piperine.
Abstract: Ground black pepper and its 95% ethanol crude extract were highly toxic to the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), when they were used to surface treat wheat subsequently infested with the insect. This toxicity was attributable to the presence of piperine in black pepper. However, the results of topical application of the crude extract or a purified extract to S. oryzae and the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), and TLC analysis indicated that the activity may be ascribed to its other chemical components in conjunction or synergism to piperine. The LD50’s for topical application of the crude and purified extracts obtained from the 24-h dosage-mortality data were 3.4 and 4.8 µ g/insect for adult S. oryzae and 4.5 and 7.2 µ g/insect for adult C. maculatus , respectively.
84 citations
TL;DR: Piper oil prevented emergence of F1 bruchids and neem oil prolonged their mean development period over the control, confirming adverse ovicidal effects of both oils.
Abstract: Oils from the seeds of neem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss and from a brown pepper, Piper guineense Schum and Thonn afforded protection to cowpea seeds from Callosobruchus maculatus infestation beyond 3 months. Insecticida! efficacy was higher with Piper seed oil (PSO). At 24 hr after surface treating cowpea seeds with 2 and 3 ml/kg of PSO, bruchid mortality reached 100 %, but with neem seed oil (NSO), mortality was 65–100% at 3–5 days. Oviposition in control averaged 60.75 eggs, 49.5 eggs in NSO and 15.5 with PSO. Reproductive efficiency (RE) of PSO-treated females was nil, and very low (1.7 to 2%) with neem oil, but high in control confirming adverse ovicidal effects of both oils. Piper oil prevented emergence of F1 bruchids and neem oil prolonged their mean development period over the control. Neem oil reduced seed damage by 94.67%. Because Piper seeds are a condiment in some Nigerian dishes, and are also used therapeutically in many traditional diseases, there may be no toxicity. However, yield of PSO is much less than that of neem from an equal weight of seeds extracted with organic solvents.
52 citations
TL;DR: Irrespective of species, stage of development, or exposure technique, dennettia oil was significantly more toxic to all the insects than the other 3 compounds.
Abstract: In assessing potential insecticidal activity of the essential oil of Dennettia tripetala G. Baker (Anonaceae), samples of the oil obtained by steam distillation from the edible fruits were tested against nymphs and adults of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.), and a grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus (L.). For comparative assessment, diazinon, lindane, and propoxur also were tested.
Graded vol/vol dilutions in acetone of the various compounds were used for the tests, and testing was by the contact method, employing the treated surface exposure technique and the topical application technique.
Irrespective of species, stage of development, or exposure technique, dennettia oil was significantly more toxic to all the insects than the other 3 compounds.
42 citations