The EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations on the Clinical Practice of Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS): Update 2011 on non-hepatic applications
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...Ultrasound equipment based on contrast-specific ultrasound modes is needed for CEUS examinations, based on the separation between non-linear response induced by microbubble UCA oscillations and linear US signal reflected by tissues [4]....
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...Two phases are described for most organs that have a single arterial blood supply (except the liver and lungs) [3, 4]: a) the arterial phase starts from around 10 –20 seconds until around 35 – 40 seconds after contrast injection, showing a progressive degree of enhancement; b) the venous phase starts from around 30 to 45 seconds after contrast injection, showing a plateau and then a progressive decrease....
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...Serious anaphylactoid reactions to UCAs are observed in approximately 1:10 000 exposures [4, 20]....
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...Ultrasound contrast agents are used for enhancement of the US signal from flowing blood as they are limited to the blood vessels (blood pool UCA) [3, 4]....
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...Enhancement begins immediately after aortic enhancement, with an arterial phase (10 to 30 s), a venous phase (30 to approximately 120 s) [2, 4]....
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