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Journal ArticleDOI

The electronic properties of graphene

TL;DR: In this paper, the basic theoretical aspects of graphene, a one-atom-thick allotrope of carbon, with unusual two-dimensional Dirac-like electronic excitations, are discussed.
Abstract: This article reviews the basic theoretical aspects of graphene, a one-atom-thick allotrope of carbon, with unusual two-dimensional Dirac-like electronic excitations. The Dirac electrons can be controlled by application of external electric and magnetic fields, or by altering sample geometry and/or topology. The Dirac electrons behave in unusual ways in tunneling, confinement, and the integer quantum Hall effect. The electronic properties of graphene stacks are discussed and vary with stacking order and number of layers. Edge (surface) states in graphene depend on the edge termination (zigzag or armchair) and affect the physical properties of nanoribbons. Different types of disorder modify the Dirac equation leading to unusual spectroscopic and transport properties. The effects of electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions in single layer and multilayer graphene are also presented.

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The past, current, and future of THz science and technology of carbon nanotubes and graphene are described, including fundamental studies such as THz dynamic conductivity, THz nonlinearities and ultrafast carrier dynamics as well as Thz applications such asTHz sources, detectors, modulators, antennas and polarizers.
Abstract: The diverse applications of terahertz radiation and its importance to fundamental science makes finding ways to generate, manipulate, and detect terahertz radiation one of the key areas of modern applied physics. One approach is to utilize carbon nanomaterials, in particular, single-wall carbon nanotubes and graphene. Their novel optical and electronic properties offer much promise to the field of terahertz science and technology. This article describes the past, current, and future of the terahertz science and technology of carbon nanotubes and graphene. We will review fundamental studies such as terahertz dynamic conductivity, terahertz nonlinearities, and ultrafast carrier dynamics as well as terahertz applications such as terahertz sources, detectors, modulators, antennas, and polarizers.

152 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the semiconductor industry employed Si to fabricate electronic circuits, and GaAs, GaN, and other III-V materials for optoelectronics, with typical substrates consisting of wafers manufactured at high temperature.
Abstract: Modern semiconductor devices have revolutionized wide-ranging technologies such as electronics, lighting, solar energy, and communication [1]. The semiconductor industry employs Si to fabricate electronic circuits, and GaAs, GaN, and other III–V materials for optoelectronics [2], with typical substrates consisting of wafers manufactured at high temperature. Precisely controlled thin films can be deposited on the substrate to achieve additional functionality, for example by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or molecular beam epitaxy [3].

152 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: By combining first-principle calculation and phonon Boltzmann transport equation, the lattice thermal conductivity of stanene is obtained, which indicates higher thermoelectric efficiency over other 2D materials.
Abstract: A fundamental understanding of phonon transport in stanene is crucial to predict the thermal performance in potential stanene-based devices. By combining first-principle calculation and phonon Boltzmann transport equation, we obtain the lattice thermal conductivity of stanene. A much lower thermal conductivity (11.6 W/mK) is observed in stanene, which indicates higher thermoelectric efficiency over other 2D materials. The contributions of acoustic and optical phonons to the lattice thermal conductivity are evaluated. Detailed analysis of phase space for three-phonon processes shows that phonon scattering channels LA+LA/TA/ZA$\leftrightarrow$TA/ZA are restricted, leading to the dominant contributions of high-group-velocity LA phonons to the thermal conductivity. The size dependence of thermal conductivity is investigated as well for the purpose of the design of thermoelectric nanostructures.

152 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of the growth temperature, pressure, and cooling process on the grown-graphene layers were studied and the Raman spectroscopy of the samples revealed the essential properties of the graphenegrown on gold surface.
Abstract: Here we report chemical vapor deposition of graphene on gold surface at ambient pressure We studied effects of the growth temperature, pressure, and cooling process on the growngraphene layers The Raman spectroscopy of the samples reveals the essential properties of the graphenegrown on gold surface In order to characterize the electrical properties of the growngraphene layers, we have transferred them on insulating substrates and fabricated field effect transistors Owing to distinctive properties of gold, the ability to growgraphene layers on gold surface could open new applications of graphene in electrochemistry and spectroscopy

152 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: From a heat equation analysis of the two regimes, accurate values of the electron-acoustic phonon coupling constant Σ in monolayer graphene are extracted and point to an important effect of lattice disorder in the reduction of Σ.
Abstract: We have investigated the energy loss of hot electrons in metallic graphene by means of GHz noise thermometry at liquid helium temperature. We observe the electronic temperature T ∝ V at low bias in agreement with the heat diffusion to the leads described by the Wiedemann-Franz law. We report on T ∝ √V behavior at high bias, which corresponds to a T(4) dependence of the cooling power. This is the signature of a 2D acoustic phonon cooling mechanism. From a heat equation analysis of the two regimes we extract accurate values of the electron-acoustic phonon coupling constant Σ in monolayer graphene. Our measurements point to an important effect of lattice disorder in the reduction of Σ, not yet considered by theory. Moreover, our study provides a strong and firm support to the rising field of graphene bolometric detectors.

152 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
22 Oct 2004-Science
TL;DR: Monocrystalline graphitic films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect.
Abstract: We describe monocrystalline graphitic films, which are a few atoms thick but are nonetheless stable under ambient conditions, metallic, and of remarkably high quality. The films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands, and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect such that electrons and holes in concentrations up to 10 13 per square centimeter and with room-temperature mobilities of ∼10,000 square centimeters per volt-second can be induced by applying gate voltage.

55,532 citations


"The electronic properties of graphe..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Be ause the DC magnetotransport properties ofgraphene are normally measured with the possibilityof tuning its ele troni density by a gate potential(Novoselov et al., 2004), it is important to ompute the ondu tivity kernel, sin e this has dire t experimentalrelevan e....

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  • ...The same polarizability describes the screening of an external field perpendicular to the layers, like the one induced by a gate in electrically doped systems (Novoselov et al., 2004)....

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  • ...Because the DC magnetotransport properties of graphene are normally measured with the possibility of tuning its electronic density by a gate potential (Novoselov et al., 2004), it is important to compute the conductivity kernel, since this has direct experimental relevance....

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  • ...…studies of graphene sta ks have showed that, within reasing number of layers, the system be omes in reas-ingly metalli ( on entration of harge arriers at zero en-ergy gradually in reases), and there appear several typesof ele tron-and-hole-like arries (Morozov et al., 2005;Novoselov et al., 2004)....

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  • ...The same polarizabilitydes ribes the s reening of an external eld perpendi ularto the layers, like the one indu ed by a gate in ele tri- ally doped systems (Novoselov et al., 2004)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Owing to its unusual electronic spectrum, graphene has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of 'relativistic' condensed-matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena can now be mimicked and tested in table-top experiments.
Abstract: Graphene is a rapidly rising star on the horizon of materials science and condensed-matter physics. This strictly two-dimensional material exhibits exceptionally high crystal and electronic quality, and, despite its short history, has already revealed a cornucopia of new physics and potential applications, which are briefly discussed here. Whereas one can be certain of the realness of applications only when commercial products appear, graphene no longer requires any further proof of its importance in terms of fundamental physics. Owing to its unusual electronic spectrum, graphene has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of 'relativistic' condensed-matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena, some of which are unobservable in high-energy physics, can now be mimicked and tested in table-top experiments. More generally, graphene represents a conceptually new class of materials that are only one atom thick, and, on this basis, offers new inroads into low-dimensional physics that has never ceased to surprise and continues to provide a fertile ground for applications.

35,293 citations


"The electronic properties of graphe..." refers background in this paper

  • ...As the current status of the experiment and potential applications have recently been reviewed (Geim and Novoselov, 2007), in this article we mostly concentrate on the theory and more technical aspects of electronic properties of this exciting new material....

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  • ...As the urrent status of the experimentand potential appli ations have re ently been reviewed(Geim and Novoselov, 2007), in this arti le we mostly on entrate on the theory and more te hni al aspe ts ofele troni properties of this ex iting new material....

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  • ...It has also been suggested that Coulomb intera tionsare onsiderably enhan ed in smaller geometries, su has graphene quantum dots (Milton Pereira Junior et al.,2007), leading to unusual Coulomb blo kade e e ts 4(Geim and Novoselov, 2007) and perhaps to magneti phenomena su h as the Kondo e e t....

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  • ...…most versatile systems in ondensedmatter resear h.Besides the unusual basi properties, graphene hasthe potential for a large number of appli ations(Geim and Novoselov, 2007), from hemi al sensors(Chen et al., 2007 ; S hedin et al., 2007) to transistors(Nilsson et al., 2007b; Oostinga et al.,…...

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  • ...Besides the unusual basic properties, graphene has the potential for a large number of applications (Geim and Novoselov, 2007), from chemical sensors (Chen et al....

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Book
01 Jan 1934
TL;DR: The theory of the slipline field is used in this article to solve the problem of stable and non-stressed problems in plane strains in a plane-strain scenario.
Abstract: Chapter 1: Stresses and Strains Chapter 2: Foundations of Plasticity Chapter 3: Elasto-Plastic Bending and Torsion Chapter 4: Plastic Analysis of Beams and Frames Chapter 5: Further Solutions of Elasto-Plastic Problems Chapter 6: Theory of the Slipline Field Chapter 7: Steady Problems in Plane Strain Chapter 8: Non-Steady Problems in Plane Strain

20,724 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
10 Nov 2005-Nature
TL;DR: This study reports an experimental study of a condensed-matter system (graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon) in which electron transport is essentially governed by Dirac's (relativistic) equation and reveals a variety of unusual phenomena that are characteristic of two-dimensional Dirac fermions.
Abstract: Quantum electrodynamics (resulting from the merger of quantum mechanics and relativity theory) has provided a clear understanding of phenomena ranging from particle physics to cosmology and from astrophysics to quantum chemistry. The ideas underlying quantum electrodynamics also influence the theory of condensed matter, but quantum relativistic effects are usually minute in the known experimental systems that can be described accurately by the non-relativistic Schrodinger equation. Here we report an experimental study of a condensed-matter system (graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon) in which electron transport is essentially governed by Dirac's (relativistic) equation. The charge carriers in graphene mimic relativistic particles with zero rest mass and have an effective 'speed of light' c* approximately 10(6) m s(-1). Our study reveals a variety of unusual phenomena that are characteristic of two-dimensional Dirac fermions. In particular we have observed the following: first, graphene's conductivity never falls below a minimum value corresponding to the quantum unit of conductance, even when concentrations of charge carriers tend to zero; second, the integer quantum Hall effect in graphene is anomalous in that it occurs at half-integer filling factors; and third, the cyclotron mass m(c) of massless carriers in graphene is described by E = m(c)c*2. This two-dimensional system is not only interesting in itself but also allows access to the subtle and rich physics of quantum electrodynamics in a bench-top experiment.

18,958 citations


"The electronic properties of graphe..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...This amazing re-sult has been observed experimentally (Novoselov et al.,2005a; Zhang et al., 2005) as shown in Fig.20....

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  • ...Adapted from(Novoselov et al., 2005a)....

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  • ...Adapted from (Novoselov et al.,2005a).and hen e σxy,inc. = I/VH = ±4Ne2/h, whi h is thenaive expe tation....

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  • ...The period of os illations ∆n = 4B/Φ0,where B is the applied eld and Φ0 is the ux quantum(Novoselov et al., 2005a).or equivalently: (Oσ+ + O†σ−)φ = (2E/ωc)φ , (100)where σ± = σx ± iσy, and we have de ned the dimen-sionless length s ale: ξ = y ℓB − ℓBk , (101)and 1D harmoni os illator operators: O =…...

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  • ...…invery unusual ways when ompared to ordinary ele tronsif subje ted to magneti elds, leading to new physi alphenomena (Gusynin and Sharapov, 2005; Peres et al.,2006 ) su h as the anomalous integer quantum Hall ef-fe t (IQHE) measured experimentally (Novoselov et al.,2005a; Zhang et al., 2005)....

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Book
01 Jan 1939

14,299 citations