The electronic properties of graphene

doi:10.1103/REVMODPHYS.81.109

Home
/
Papers
/
The electronic properties of graphene

Journal Article•DOI•

The electronic properties of graphene

A. H. Castro Neto¹, Francisco Guinea², Nuno M. R. Peres³, Kostya S. Novoselov⁴, Andre K. Geim⁴ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (4)

Boston University¹, Spanish National Research Council², University of Minho³, University of Manchester⁴

14 Jan 2009-Reviews of Modern Physics (American Physical Society)-Vol. 81, Iss: 1, pp 109-162

TL;DR: In this paper, the basic theoretical aspects of graphene, a one-atom-thick allotrope of carbon, with unusual two-dimensional Dirac-like electronic excitations, are discussed.

read less

Abstract: This article reviews the basic theoretical aspects of graphene, a one-atom-thick allotrope of carbon, with unusual two-dimensional Dirac-like electronic excitations. The Dirac electrons can be controlled by application of external electric and magnetic fields, or by altering sample geometry and/or topology. The Dirac electrons behave in unusual ways in tunneling, confinement, and the integer quantum Hall effect. The electronic properties of graphene stacks are discussed and vary with stacking order and number of layers. Edge (surface) states in graphene depend on the edge termination (zigzag or armchair) and affect the physical properties of nanoribbons. Different types of disorder modify the Dirac equation leading to unusual spectroscopic and transport properties. The effects of electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions in single layer and multilayer graphene are also presented.

...read moreread less

Content maybe subject to copyright Report

Citations

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Posted Content•

Chemical functionalization of graphene

[...]

Danil W. Boukhvalov¹, Mikhail I. Katsnelson¹•Institutions (1)

Radboud University Nijmegen¹

30 Sep 2008-arXiv: Materials Science

TL;DR: It is shown that, as a rule, 100% coverage of graphene by complex functional groups (in contrast with hydrogen and fluorine) is unreachable.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Experimental and theoretical results on chemical functionalization of graphene are reviewed. Using hydrogenated graphene as a model system, general principles of the chemical functionalization are formulated and discussed. It is shown that, as a rule, 100% coverage of graphene by complex functional groups (in contrast with hydrogen and fluorine) is unreachable. A possible destruction of graphene nanoribbons by fluorine is considered. The functionalization of infinite graphene and graphene nanoribbons by oxygen and by hydrofluoric acid is simulated step by step.

...read moreread less

347 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Solution processing of transparent conductors: from flask to film

[...]

Robert M. Pasquarelli¹, David S. Ginley², Ryan O'Hayre¹•Institutions (2)

Colorado School of Mines¹, National Renewable Energy Laboratory²

17 Oct 2011-Chemical Society Reviews

TL;DR: This critical review focuses on the solution deposition of transparent conductors with a particular focus on transparent conducting oxide (TCO) thin-films, with an introduction into the applications of and material criteria for TCOs.

...read moreread less

Abstract: This critical review focuses on the solution deposition of transparent conductors with a particular focus on transparent conducting oxide (TCO) thin-films TCOs play a critical role in many current and emerging opto-electronic devices due to their unique combination of electronic conductivity and transparency in the visible region of the spectrum Atmospheric-pressure solution processing is an attractive alternative to conventional vacuum-based deposition methods due to its ease of fabrication, scalability, and potential to lower device manufacturing costs An introduction into the applications of and material criteria for TCOs will be presented first, followed by a discussion of solution routes to these systems Recent studies in the field will be reviewed according to their materials system Finally, the challenges and opportunities for further enabling research will be discussed in terms of emerging oxide systems and non-oxide based transparent conductors (341 references)

...read moreread less

347 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Surface transfer doping induced effective modulation on ambipolar characteristics of few-layer black phosphorus

[...]

Du Xiang¹, Cheng Han¹, Jing Wu¹, Shu Zhong¹, Yiyang Liu¹, Jiadan Lin¹, Xueao Zhang², Wenping Hu³, Barbaros Özyilmaz¹, A. H. Castro Neto¹, Andrew T. S. Wee¹, Wei Chen¹ - Show less +8 more•Institutions (3)

National University of Singapore¹, National University of Defense Technology², Chinese Academy of Sciences³

12 Mar 2015-Nature Communications

TL;DR: An effective modulation on ambipolar characteristics of few-layer black phosphorus transistors through in situ surface functionalization with caesium carbonate and molybdenum trioxide is reported, indicating a greatly improved electron-transport behaviour.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Black phosphorus, a fast emerging two-dimensional material, has been configured as field effect transistors, showing a hole-transport-dominated ambipolar characteristic. Here we report an effective modulation on ambipolar characteristics of few-layer black phosphorus transistors through in situ surface functionalization with caesium carbonate (Cs2CO3) and molybdenum trioxide (MoO3), respectively. Cs2CO3 is found to strongly electron dope black phosphorus. The electron mobility of black phosphorus is significantly enhanced to similar to 27 cm(2)V(-1) s(-1) after 10 nm Cs2CO3 modification, indicating a greatly improved electron-transport behaviour. In contrast, MoO3 decoration demonstrates a giant hole-doping effect. In situ photoelectron spectroscopy characterization reveals significant surface charge transfer occurring at the dopants/black phosphorus interfaces. Moreover, the surface-doped black phosphorus devices exhibit a largely enhanced photodetection behaviour. Our findings coupled with the tunable nature of the surface transfer doping scheme ensure black phosphorus as a promising candidate for further complementary logic electronics.

...read moreread less

346 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Graphene-based biosensors for detection of bacteria and their metabolic activities

[...]

Yinxi Huang¹, Xiaochen Dong², Yuxin Liu¹, Lain-Jong Li³, Peng Chen¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (3)

Nanyang Technological University¹, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications², Academia Sinica³

09 Aug 2011-Journal of Materials Chemistry

TL;DR: In this article, a large-sized graphene film was grown by chemical vapor deposition and functionalized with anti-E. coli coliantibodies and passivation layer to detect E. coli bacteria with high sensitivity and specificity.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Graphene, which is a recently discovered single-atom-thick planar sheet of carbon atoms perfectly arranged in a honeycomb lattice, has great potential in biosensing owing to its extraordinary electrical, physical, and optical properties. In this work, we demonstrate a graphene based biosensor to electrically detect E. coli bacteria with high sensitivity and specificity. The large-sized graphene film was grown by chemical vapor deposition and functionalized with anti-E. coliantibodies and passivation layer. Significant conductance increase of the graphene device was observed after exposure to E. coli bacteria at a concentration as low as 10 cfu/mL, while no significant response was triggered by high concentration of the another bacterial strain. In addition, this biosensor was employed to detect the glucose induced metabolic activities of the bound E. coli bacteria in real time. This simple, fast, sensitive, and label-free nanoelectronic biosensor, in principle, could serve as a high throughput platform for detection of any pathogenic bacteria, and for functional studies or screening of antibacterial drugs.

...read moreread less

346 citations

Synthesis and characterization of atomically-thin graphite filmson a silicon carbide substrate,

[...]

Elizabeth Rollings, B.S. Hussain, G.-H. Gweon, S. Y. Zhour, A.V. Federov, A. Lanzara - Show less +2 more

24 Feb 2007

TL;DR: In this article, the synthesis and detailed characterization of graphite thin films produced by thermal decomposition of the (0001) face of a 6H-SiC wafer, demonstrating the successful growth of single crystalline films down to approximately one graphene layer.

...read moreread less

Abstract: This paper reports the synthesis and detailed characterization of graphite thin films produced by thermal decomposition of the (0001) face of a 6H-SiC wafer, demonstrating the successful growth of single crystalline films down to approximately one graphene layer. The growth and characterization were carried out in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. The growth process and sample quality were monitored by low-energy electron diffraction, and the thickness of the sample was determined by core level x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. High-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy shows constant energy map patterns, which are very sharp and fully momentum-resolved, but nonetheless not resolution limited. We discuss the implications of this observation in connection with scanning electron microscopy data, as well as with previous studies.

...read moreread less

345 citations

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
…
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
…
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200

Collapse

References

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Journal Article•DOI•

Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films

[...]

Kostya S. Novoselov¹, Andre K. Geim¹, Sergey V. Morozov, Da Jiang¹, Y. Zhang¹, S. V. Dubonos, Irina V. Grigorieva¹, A. A. Firsov - Show less +4 more•Institutions (1)

University of Manchester¹

22 Oct 2004-Science

TL;DR: Monocrystalline graphitic films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect.

...read moreread less

Abstract: We describe monocrystalline graphitic films, which are a few atoms thick but are nonetheless stable under ambient conditions, metallic, and of remarkably high quality. The films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands, and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect such that electrons and holes in concentrations up to 10 13 per square centimeter and with room-temperature mobilities of ∼10,000 square centimeters per volt-second can be induced by applying gate voltage.

...read moreread less

55,532 citations

"The electronic properties of graphe..." refers background in this paper

...Be ause the DC magnetotransport properties ofgraphene are normally measured with the possibilityof tuning its ele troni density by a gate potential(Novoselov et al., 2004), it is important to ompute the ondu tivity kernel, sin e this has dire t experimentalrelevan e....
[...]
...The same polarizability describes the screening of an external field perpendicular to the layers, like the one induced by a gate in electrically doped systems (Novoselov et al., 2004)....
[...]
...Because the DC magnetotransport properties of graphene are normally measured with the possibility of tuning its electronic density by a gate potential (Novoselov et al., 2004), it is important to compute the conductivity kernel, since this has direct experimental relevance....
[...]
...…studies of graphene sta ks have showed that, within reasing number of layers, the system be omes in reas-ingly metalli ( on entration of harge arriers at zero en-ergy gradually in reases), and there appear several typesof ele tron-and-hole-like arries (Morozov et al., 2005;Novoselov et al., 2004)....
[...]
...The same polarizabilitydes ribes the s reening of an external eld perpendi ularto the layers, like the one indu ed by a gate in ele tri- ally doped systems (Novoselov et al., 2004)....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

The rise of graphene

[...]

Andre K. Geim¹, Kostya S. Novoselov¹•Institutions (1)

University of Manchester¹

01 Mar 2007-Nature Materials

TL;DR: Owing to its unusual electronic spectrum, graphene has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of 'relativistic' condensed-matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena can now be mimicked and tested in table-top experiments.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Graphene is a rapidly rising star on the horizon of materials science and condensed-matter physics. This strictly two-dimensional material exhibits exceptionally high crystal and electronic quality, and, despite its short history, has already revealed a cornucopia of new physics and potential applications, which are briefly discussed here. Whereas one can be certain of the realness of applications only when commercial products appear, graphene no longer requires any further proof of its importance in terms of fundamental physics. Owing to its unusual electronic spectrum, graphene has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of 'relativistic' condensed-matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena, some of which are unobservable in high-energy physics, can now be mimicked and tested in table-top experiments. More generally, graphene represents a conceptually new class of materials that are only one atom thick, and, on this basis, offers new inroads into low-dimensional physics that has never ceased to surprise and continues to provide a fertile ground for applications.

...read moreread less

35,293 citations

"The electronic properties of graphe..." refers background in this paper

...As the current status of the experiment and potential applications have recently been reviewed (Geim and Novoselov, 2007), in this article we mostly concentrate on the theory and more technical aspects of electronic properties of this exciting new material....
[...]
...As the urrent status of the experimentand potential appli ations have re ently been reviewed(Geim and Novoselov, 2007), in this arti le we mostly on entrate on the theory and more te hni al aspe ts ofele troni properties of this ex iting new material....
[...]
...It has also been suggested that Coulomb intera tionsare onsiderably enhan ed in smaller geometries, su has graphene quantum dots (Milton Pereira Junior et al.,2007), leading to unusual Coulomb blo kade e e ts 4(Geim and Novoselov, 2007) and perhaps to magneti phenomena su h as the Kondo e e t....
[...]
...…most versatile systems in ondensedmatter resear h.Besides the unusual basi properties, graphene hasthe potential for a large number of appli ations(Geim and Novoselov, 2007), from hemi al sensors(Chen et al., 2007 ; S hedin et al., 2007) to transistors(Nilsson et al., 2007b; Oostinga et al.,…...
[...]
...Besides the unusual basic properties, graphene has the potential for a large number of applications (Geim and Novoselov, 2007), from chemical sensors (Chen et al....
[...]

Book•

Theory of elasticity

[...]

Stephen P. Timoshenko, James Norman Goodier

01 Jan 1934

TL;DR: The theory of the slipline field is used in this article to solve the problem of stable and non-stressed problems in plane strains in a plane-strain scenario.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Chapter 1: Stresses and Strains Chapter 2: Foundations of Plasticity Chapter 3: Elasto-Plastic Bending and Torsion Chapter 4: Plastic Analysis of Beams and Frames Chapter 5: Further Solutions of Elasto-Plastic Problems Chapter 6: Theory of the Slipline Field Chapter 7: Steady Problems in Plane Strain Chapter 8: Non-Steady Problems in Plane Strain

...read moreread less

20,724 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene

[...]

Kostya S. Novoselov¹, A. K. Geim¹, Sergey V. Morozov, Da Jiang¹, Mikhail I. Katsnelson², Irina V. Grigorieva¹, S. V. Dubonos, A. A. Firsov - Show less +4 more•Institutions (2)

University of Manchester¹, Radboud University Nijmegen²

10 Nov 2005-Nature

TL;DR: This study reports an experimental study of a condensed-matter system (graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon) in which electron transport is essentially governed by Dirac's (relativistic) equation and reveals a variety of unusual phenomena that are characteristic of two-dimensional Dirac fermions.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Quantum electrodynamics (resulting from the merger of quantum mechanics and relativity theory) has provided a clear understanding of phenomena ranging from particle physics to cosmology and from astrophysics to quantum chemistry. The ideas underlying quantum electrodynamics also influence the theory of condensed matter, but quantum relativistic effects are usually minute in the known experimental systems that can be described accurately by the non-relativistic Schrodinger equation. Here we report an experimental study of a condensed-matter system (graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon) in which electron transport is essentially governed by Dirac's (relativistic) equation. The charge carriers in graphene mimic relativistic particles with zero rest mass and have an effective 'speed of light' c* approximately 10(6) m s(-1). Our study reveals a variety of unusual phenomena that are characteristic of two-dimensional Dirac fermions. In particular we have observed the following: first, graphene's conductivity never falls below a minimum value corresponding to the quantum unit of conductance, even when concentrations of charge carriers tend to zero; second, the integer quantum Hall effect in graphene is anomalous in that it occurs at half-integer filling factors; and third, the cyclotron mass m(c) of massless carriers in graphene is described by E = m(c)c*2. This two-dimensional system is not only interesting in itself but also allows access to the subtle and rich physics of quantum electrodynamics in a bench-top experiment.

...read moreread less

18,958 citations

"The electronic properties of graphe..." refers background or methods in this paper

...This amazing re-sult has been observed experimentally (Novoselov et al.,2005a; Zhang et al., 2005) as shown in Fig.20....
[...]
...Adapted from(Novoselov et al., 2005a)....
[...]
...Adapted from (Novoselov et al.,2005a).and hen e σxy,inc. = I/VH = ±4Ne2/h, whi h is thenaive expe tation....
[...]
...The period of os illations ∆n = 4B/Φ0,where B is the applied eld and Φ0 is the ux quantum(Novoselov et al., 2005a).or equivalently: (Oσ+ + O†σ−)φ = (2E/ωc)φ , (100)where σ± = σx ± iσy, and we have de ned the dimen-sionless length s ale: ξ = y ℓB − ℓBk , (101)and 1D harmoni os illator operators: O =…...
[...]
...…invery unusual ways when ompared to ordinary ele tronsif subje ted to magneti elds, leading to new physi alphenomena (Gusynin and Sharapov, 2005; Peres et al.,2006 ) su h as the anomalous integer quantum Hall ef-fe t (IQHE) measured experimentally (Novoselov et al.,2005a; Zhang et al., 2005)....
[...]