The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism
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Cites background from "The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruis..."
...Fiske’s third model, “equality matching,” involves the double-edged reciprocal altruism first described by Trivers (1971)....
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"The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruis..." refers background in this paper
...(3) One can advance the theoretical argument that kin selection under some circumstances should favor kin dispersal in order to avoid competition (Hamilton, 1964, 1969)....
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...Early hominid hunter-gatherer bands almost certainly (like today's hunter-gatherers) consisted of many close kin, and kin selection must often have operated to favor the evolution of some types of altruistic behavior (Haldane, 1955; Hamilton, 1964, 1969)....
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...For example, Hamilton (1964) has demonstrated that degree of relationship is an important parameter in predicting how selection will operate, and behavior which appears altruistic may, on knowledge of the genetic relationships of the organisms involved, be explicable in terms of natural selection:…...
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...(2) Nonrandom dispensation by reference to kin This case has been treated in detail by Hamilton (1964), who concluded that if the tendency to dispense altruism to close kin is great enough, as a function of the disparity between the average cost and benefit of an altruistic act, then a2 will…...
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...(3) Warning calls are functional outside the breeding season because there is usually a good chance that a reasonably close kin is near enough to be helped sufficiently (Hamilton, 1964; Maynard Smith, 1964)....
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