The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective

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The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective

Rachel Kaplan¹, Stephen Kaplan•Institutions (1)

28 Jul 1989-

TL;DR: A study of the natural environment, people, and the relationship between them is presented in this paper, where the authors offer a research-based analysis of the vital psychological role that nature plays.

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Abstract: A study of the natural environment, people, and the relationship between them. The authors offer a research-based analysis of the vital psychological role that nature plays. They try to understand how people perceive nature and what kinds of natural environments they prefer.

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Journal Article•DOI•

The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework

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Stephen Kaplan¹•Institutions (1)

University of Michigan¹

01 Sep 1995-Journal of Environmental Psychology

TL;DR: Attention Restoration Theory provides an analysis of the kinds of experiences that lead to recovery from such fatigue and an integrative framework is proposed that places both directed attention and stress in the larger context of human-environment relationships.

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3,747 citations

Cites background or methods from "The Experience of Nature: A Psychol..."

...We have used the concept of ‘Restorative experiences’ or ‘Restorative environments’ to refer to such opportunities for reducing the fatigue of directed attention ( Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989 )....
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...As Hartig and Evans (1993) have pointed out, theory in this area has been dominated by conflicting positions, one emphasizing stress reduction (Ulrich, 1983) and the other concerned with recovery of the capacity to focus attention (Kaplan & Talbot, 1983; Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989)....
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...As Hartig and Evans (1993) have pointed out, theory in this area has been dominated by conflicting positions, one emphasizing stress reduction (Ulrich, 1983) and the other concerned with recovery of the capacity to focus attention (Kaplan & Talbot, 1983; Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989 )....
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...The empirical literature on nature benefits has been growing steadily (Altman & Wohlwill, 1983; Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989; Francis & Hester, 1990; Relf, 1992)....
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...We have used the concept of ‘Restorative experiences’ or ‘Restorative environments’ to refer to such opportunities for reducing the fatigue of directed attention (Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using Green Infrastructure: A literature review

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Konstantinos Tzoulas¹, Kalevi Korpela², Stephen Venn³, Vesa Yli-Pelkonen³, Aleksandra Kazmierczak, Jari Niemelä³, Philip James¹ - Show less +3 more•Institutions (3)

University of Salford¹, University of Tampere², University of Helsinki³

20 Jun 2007-Landscape and Urban Planning

TL;DR: In this paper, a conceptual framework of associations between urban green space and ecosystem and human health is proposed, which highlights many dynamic factors, and their complex interactions, affecting ecosystem health and human Health in urban areas.

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2,151 citations

Cites background from "The Experience of Nature: A Psychol..."

...…Payne et al. (1998) Questionnaire and diary survey Urban park users reported better general perceived health, more physical activity and relaxation Kaplan and Kaplan (1989), Hartig et al. (1991, 2003), Wells (2000) Experimental Natural views restore attention fatigue; and quicken recovery…...
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...Psychological aspects are considered in relation to contact with green spaces (Hartig et al. 2003; Ulrich et al. 1991; Kaplan and Kaplan 1989; Kaplan 1995; Korpela and Hartig 1996; Korpela et al. 2001; Kuo 2001)....
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...Even passive viewing of natural environments fter negative antecedent conditions, such as attention fatigue Kaplan and Kaplan, 1989) or psycho-physiological stress Ulrich, 1984), produces stress-ameliorating effects which may ltimately confer health benefits (Ulrich, 1984)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Nature and Health

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Terry Hartig¹, Richard Mitchell, Sjerp de Vries², Howard Frumkin³•Institutions (3)

Uppsala University¹, Wageningen University and Research Centre², University of Washington³

18 Mar 2014-Annual Review of Public Health

TL;DR: This work focuses on nature as represented by aspects of the physical environment relevant to planning, design, and policy measures that serve broad segments of urbanized societies and considers research on pathways between nature and health involving air quality, physical activity, social cohesion, and stress reduction.

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Abstract: Urbanization, resource exploitation, and lifestyle changes have diminished possibilities for human contact with nature in many societies. Concern about the loss has helped motivate research on the health benefits of contact with nature. Reviewing that research here, we focus on nature as represented by aspects of the physical environment relevant to planning, design, and policy measures that serve broad segments of urbanized societies. We discuss difficulties in defining “nature” and reasons for the current expansion of the research field, and we assess available reviews. We then consider research on pathways between nature and health involving air quality, physical activity, social cohesion, and stress reduction. Finally, we discuss methodological issues and priorities for future research. The extant research does describe an array of benefits of contact with nature, and evidence regarding some benefits is strong; however, some findings indicate caution is needed in applying beliefs about those benefits,...

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2,046 citations

Cites background or methods from "The Experience of Nature: A Psychol..."

...In contrast, attention restoration theory holds that effortless attention engaged by intrinsically interesting aspects of nature enables rest for a fatigued neurocognitive inhibitory mechanism engaged when willfully directing attention (67, 68)....
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...The term “nature experience” is used in some segments of this research to emphasize the subjective perception and evaluation of relevant environmental features (67)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The role of urban parks for the sustainable city.

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Anna Chiesura¹•Institutions (1)

Wageningen University and Research Centre¹

15 May 2004-Landscape and Urban Planning

TL;DR: In this paper, the importance of urban nature for citizens' well-being and for the sustainability of the city they inhabit is discussed, based on a survey conducted among visitors of an urban park in Amsterdam (The Netherlands).

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2,027 citations

Cites background or result from "The Experience of Nature: A Psychol..."

...Kaplan and Kaplan (1989)describe the sense of “Being away” as a state involving distancing oneself from negative distractions, or from ones day to day work....
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...Results obtained accord with previous observations regarding people’s need to experience nature (Kaplan and Kaplan, 1989)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Establishing and maintaining healthy environments. Toward a social ecology of health promotion.

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Daniel Stokols¹•Institutions (1)

University of California, Irvine¹

01 Jan 1992-American Psychologist

TL;DR: The author offers a social ecological analysis of health promotive environments, emphasizing the transactions between individual or collective behavior and the health resources and constraints that exist in specific environmental settings.

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Abstract: Earlier research on health promotion has emphasized behavior change strategies rather than environmentally focused interventions The advantages of integrating lifestyle modification, injury control, and environmental enhancement strategies of health promotion are substantial The author offers a social ecological analysis of health promotive environments, emphasizing the transactions between individual or collective behavior and the health resources and constraints that exist in specific environmental settings Directions for future research on the creation and maintenance of health promotive environments also are examined

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1,851 citations

Cites background from "The Experience of Nature: A Psychol..."

...On the other hand, exposure to certain environmental conditions such as natural, aesthetic, and symbolic amenities can alleviate stress and promote physical and emotional well-being (eg, Hartig, Mang, & Evans, 1991; R....
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The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective

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