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Journal ArticleDOI

The Fusarium solani species complex infecting cannabis (Cannabis sativa L., marijuana) plants and a first report of Fusarium (Cylindrocarpon) lichenicola causing root and crown rot

21 Jan 2021-Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology-revue Canadienne De Phytopathologie (Informa UK Limited)-Vol. 43, Iss: 4, pp 567-581
TL;DR: This study demonstrates the first occurrence worldwide of F. lichenicola on cannabis plants, on which it is considered a weak introduced tropical pathogen, likely to have originated from coco coir imported into Canada.
Abstract: Greenhouse-grown cannabis (Cannabis sativa L., marijuana) plants with yellowing, crown rot and root-browning symptoms were sampled from six production facilities during 2019–2020. Among 34 fungal i...
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The robust strategies for disease management are in development for this new crop and have primarily relied on management systems for other crops, but knowledge for control of these important fungal diseases to provide safe products for human consumption is required.
Abstract: The potential of species of Fusarium to cause significant economic losses in Cannabis sativa due to plant diseases and mycotoxin residues is the subject of this review. Sixteen species of Fusarium, reported as associated with cannabis production, are classified in six species complexes: Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, F. incarnatum-equiseti, F. sambucinum, F. tricinctum, and F. fujikuroi. Taxonomy in this genus is the subject of debate, and removal of species in the F. solani Species Complex to the genus, Neocosmospora, has been proposed. Many species associated with C. sativa are also opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. Species of Fusarium produce a myriad of mycotoxins, including at least three (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and fumonisin B) deemed the most important mycotoxins in human and animal foods. These chemicals vary from the very simple chemicals (moniliformin and butanolide) to the structurally complex depsipeptides (beauvericin and enniatin B) and trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol and its acetylated derivatives, diacetoxyscirpenol, and T-2-toxin). The robust strategies for disease management (e.g., exclusion of the pathogen, control of environment, and host resistance) are in development for this new crop and have primarily relied on management systems for other crops. Biopesticides have been labeled for use on C. sativa; however, few efficacy trials have been performed. Host resistance to these pathogens and transmission are also understudied. The new markets for C. sativa and its derivative products require knowledge for control of these important fungal diseases to provide safe products for human consumption.

12 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Cannabis plants with symptoms of crown rot, root decay, wilting and plant death were sampled during 2018 and 2019 from seven production greenhouses to study the mechanisms behind plant death.
Abstract: Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L., marijuana) plants with symptoms of crown rot, root decay, wilting and plant death were sampled during 2018 and 2019 from seven production greenhouses. Affected tissues...

8 citations


Cites background from "The Fusarium solani species complex..."

  • ...On greenhouse-grown cannabis plants, symptoms of damping-off, crown rot, pith discoloration, and plant mortality were reported to be caused by F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum and F. solani (Punja et al. 2021; Punja 2021a, 2021b)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
06 Aug 2021
TL;DR: Oomycetes and fungi were recovered from coconut coir and rockwool substrates where marijuana (Cannabis sativa L. cv. Silver and Citron) plants with root rot and wilt symptoms were grown in a commercial growing facility in Connecticut as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Oomycetes and fungi were recovered from coconut coir and rockwool substrates where marijuana (Cannabis sativa L. cv. Silver and Citron) plants with root rot and wilt symptoms were grown in a commercial growing facility in Connecticut. The objectives of this study were to identify the isolates collected from these substrates, determine the pathogenicity of the isolates on hemp seedlings in vitro and in vivo, and evaluate the pathogens’ sensitivity to mefenoxam. Pythium and Globisporangium isolates were identified by sequencing the mitochondrially-encoded cytochrome oxidase genes (COI and COII) and Fusarium sp. with the translation elongation factor (EF-1α) region and internal transcribed spacer region (ITS4 and ITS5) genes. Three isolates were identified as Globisporangium irregulare (formerly Pythium irregulare), 21 isolates were Pythium myriotylum, and one was Fusarium oxysporum. All the isolates tested were pathogenic to hemp plants in vitro and in vivo, with disease incidence between 6.7 and 100%. Inoculated plants were smaller by 32% or more compared with the non-inoculated control. On average, hemp plants infected with Pythium myriotylum produced the lowest biomass and relative greenness values. None of the Pythium and Globisporangium isolates were resistant to mefenoxam—all were sensitive to ≥ 5 µg·mL-1 mefenoxam. This is the first report of G. irregulare causing root rot on marijuana and hemp plants. The results of this study provide information about the characteristics of pathogens that can be found potentially in soilless substrates in controlled environment agriculture.

2 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, stem canker symptoms were sampled from indoor and outdoor production sites in British Columbia (BC) and Ontario (Ontario) and affected tissues were sampled and affected tissue were su...
Abstract: Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L., marijuana) plants grown at indoor and outdoor production sites in British Columbia (BC) and Ontario with stem canker symptoms were sampled and affected tissues were su...

1 citations


Cites background from "The Fusarium solani species complex..."

  • ...…in recent years on cannabis plants include those infecting the inflorescences (Punja and Rodriguez 2018; Punja 2021a; Punja and Ni 2021), the foliage (Punja 2018; Scott and Punja 2021), and the roots (Punja and Rodriguez 2018; Punja et al. 2019; Punja 2021c; Punja 2021b; Punja et al. 2021a)....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The latest version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (Mega) software, which contains many sophisticated methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine, has been optimized for use on 64-bit computing systems for analyzing larger datasets.
Abstract: We present the latest version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (Mega) software, which contains many sophisticated methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. In this major upgrade, Mega has been optimized for use on 64-bit computing systems for analyzing larger datasets. Researchers can now explore and analyze tens of thousands of sequences in Mega The new version also provides an advanced wizard for building timetrees and includes a new functionality to automatically predict gene duplication events in gene family trees. The 64-bit Mega is made available in two interfaces: graphical and command line. The graphical user interface (GUI) is a native Microsoft Windows application that can also be used on Mac OS X. The command line Mega is available as native applications for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. They are intended for use in high-throughput and scripted analysis. Both versions are available from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.

33,048 citations


"The Fusarium solani species complex..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA7 (Kumar et al. 2016)....

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  • ...Seven representative isolates were included in a phylogenetic analysis using the neighbour-joining (NJ) method and a bootstrap consensus tree was inferred from 1000 replicates as described previously (Punja and Rodriguez 2018) using MEGA 7.0 (Kumar et al. 2016)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The prognosis is poor and is determined largely by degree of immunosuppression and extent of infection, with virtually a 100% death rate among persistently neutropenic patients with disseminated disease.
Abstract: Fusarium species cause a broad spectrum of infections in humans, including superficial, locally invasive, and disseminated infections. The clinical form of fusariosis depends largely on the immune status of the host and the portal of entry, with superficial and localized disease occurring mostly in immunocompetent patients and invasive and disseminated disease affecting immunocompromised patients. Risk factors for severe fusariosis include prolonged neutropenia and T-cell immunodeficiency, especially in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with severe graft-versus-host disease. The most frequent presentation of disseminated fusariosis is a combination of characteristic cutaneous lesions and positive blood cultures, with or without lung or sinus involvement. The prognosis is poor and is determined largely by degree of immunosuppression and extent of infection, with virtually a 100% death rate among persistently neutropenic patients with disseminated disease. These infections may be clinically suspected on the basis of a constellation of clinical and laboratory findings, which should lead to prompt therapy. Treatment options include the lipid formulations of amphotericin B, voriconazole, and posaconazole. Prevention of fusarial infection among high-risk patients should be considered.

827 citations


"The Fusarium solani species complex..." refers background in this paper

  • ...solani, are prevalent in diverse environments around the world and are commonly found in soil as decomposers of plant materials (Zhang et al. 2006; Nucci and Anaissie 2007)....

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  • ...Many of these are opportunistic causal agents of diseases on humans that produce symptoms ranging from onychomycoses, to skin and eye infections, to deep localized and disseminated infections (fusarioses) (Nucci and Anaissie 2007; van Diepeningen et al. 2014)....

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  • ...Members of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC), also referred to in this study as F. solani, are prevalent in diverse environments around the world and are commonly found in soil as decomposers of plant materials (Zhang et al. 2006; Nucci and Anaissie 2007)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The complex historical biogeography of this complex appears to reflect vicariant events associated with the fragmentation of Gondwanaland, possible gondwanic range expansions together with relatively recent distributional changes in these fungi associated with movement of economically important plants.
Abstract: Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the phytopathogenic Nectria haematococca-Fusarium solani species complex, section Martiella of Fusarium, were inferred from sequence data from the nuc...

398 citations


"The Fusarium solani species complex..." refers background in this paper

  • ...It is noteworthy that FSSC 1, which contains F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae race 2 (O’Donnell 2000) and FSSC 8 (Neocosmospora vasinfecta) were previously the only two species within the FSSC complex known to be pathogenic on both plants and humans (Zhang et al. 2006; Mehl and Epstein 2007)....

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