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Journal Article•DOI•

The Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour. I

William D. Hamilton1•
University College London1
01 Jul 1964-Journal of Theoretical Biology (J Theor Biol)-Vol. 7, Iss: 1, pp 1-16
TL;DR: A genetical mathematical model is described which allows for interactions between relatives on one another's fitness and a quantity is found which incorporates the maximizing property of Darwinian fitness, named “inclusive fitness”.
About: This article is published in Journal of Theoretical Biology.The article was published on 1964-07-01. It has received 14730 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Darwinian Fitness & Kin selection.
Citations
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Book•
The Evolution of Cooperation

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Robert Axelrod1, William D. Hamilton1•
University of Michigan1
01 Apr 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, a model based on the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy in the context of the Prisoner's Dilemma game was developed for cooperation in organisms, and the results of a computer tournament showed how cooperation based on reciprocity can get started in an asocial world, can thrive while interacting with a wide range of other strategies, and can resist invasion once fully established.
Abstract: Cooperation in organisms, whether bacteria or primates, has been a difficulty for evolutionary theory since Darwin. On the assumption that interactions between pairs of individuals occur on a probabilistic basis, a model is developed based on the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy in the context of the Prisoner's Dilemma game. Deductions from the model, and the results of a computer tournament show how cooperation based on reciprocity can get started in an asocial world, can thrive while interacting with a wide range of other strategies, and can resist invasion once fully established. Potential applications include specific aspects of territoriality, mating, and disease.

17,720 citations

Book•
The Selfish Gene

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Richard Dawkins1•
University of Chicago1
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors take up the concepts of altruistic and selfish behaviour; the genetical definition of selfish interest; the evolution of aggressive behaviour; kinship theory; sex ratio theory; reciprocal altruism; deceit; and the natural selection of sex differences.
Abstract: Science need not be dull and bogged down by jargon, as Richard Dawkins proves in this entertaining look at evolution. The themes he takes up are the concepts of altruistic and selfish behaviour; the genetical definition of selfish interest; the evolution of aggressive behaviour; kinship theory; sex ratio theory; reciprocal altruism; deceit; and the natural selection of sex differences. Readership: general; students of biology, zoology, animal behaviour, psychology.

10,880 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
The Evolution of Cooperation

[...]

R. B. Greene, Robert Axelrod
23 Jan 1984-Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
TL;DR: A model is developed based on the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy in the context of the Prisoner's Dilemma game to show how cooperation based on reciprocity can get started in an asocial world, can thrive while interacting with a wide range of other strategies, and can resist invasion once fully established.
Abstract: Cooperation in organisms, whether bacteria or primates, has been a difficulty for evolutionary theory since Darwin. On the assumption that interactions between pairs of individuals occur on a probabilistic basis, a model is developed based on the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy in the context of the Prisoner's Dilemma game. Deductions from the model, and the results of a computer tournament show how cooperation based on reciprocity can get started in an asocial world, can thrive while interacting with a wide range of other strategies, and can resist invasion once fully established. Potential applications include specific aspects of territoriality, mating, and disease.

10,675 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism

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Robert Trivers
01 Mar 1971-The Quarterly Review of Biology
TL;DR: In this paper, a model is presented to account for the natural selection of what is termed reciprocally altruistic behavior, and the model shows how selection can operate against the cheater (non-reciprocator) in the system.
Abstract: A model is presented to account for the natural selection of what is termed reciprocally altruistic behavior. The model shows how selection can operate against the cheater (non-reciprocator) in the system. Three instances of altruistic behavior are discussed, the evolution of which the model can explain: (1) behavior involved in cleaning symbioses; (2) warning cries in birds; and (3) human reciprocal altruism. Regarding human reciprocal altruism, it is shown that the details of the psychological system that regulates this altruism can be explained by the model. Specifically, friendship, dislike, moralistic aggression, gratitude, sympathy, trust, suspicion, trustworthiness, aspects of guilt, and some forms of dishonesty and hypocrisy can be explained as important adaptations to regulate the altruistic system. Each individual human is seen as possessing altruistic and cheating tendencies, the expression of which is sensitive to developmental variables that were selected to set the tendencies at a balance ap...

9,318 citations

Cites background from "The Genetical Evolution of Social B..."

  • ...(3) One can advance the theoretical argument that kin selection under some circumstances should favor kin dispersal in order to avoid competition (Hamilton, 1964, 1969)....

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  • ...Early hominid hunter-gatherer bands almost certainly (like today's hunter-gatherers) consisted of many close kin, and kin selection must often have operated to favor the evolution of some types of altruistic behavior (Haldane, 1955; Hamilton, 1964, 1969)....

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  • ...For example, Hamilton (1964) has demonstrated that degree of relationship is an important parameter in predicting how selection will operate, and behavior which appears altruistic may, on knowledge of the genetic relationships of the organisms involved, be explicable in terms of natural selection:…...

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  • ...(2) Nonrandom dispensation by reference to kin This case has been treated in detail by Hamilton (1964), who concluded that if the tendency to dispense altruism to close kin is great enough, as a function of the disparity between the average cost and benefit of an altruistic act, then a2 will…...

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  • ...(3) Warning calls are functional outside the breeding season because there is usually a good chance that a reasonably close kin is near enough to be helped sufficiently (Hamilton, 1964; Maynard Smith, 1964)....

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Journal Article•DOI•
Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems

[...]

Stephen T. Emlen1, Lewis W. Oring•
Cornell University1
15 Jul 1977-Science

5,833 citations

References
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Book•
The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection

[...]

R. A. Fisher
01 Jan 1930

14,612 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection.

[...]

R. A. Fisher
01 Jan 1931-Journal of the Royal Statistical Society

8,446 citations

"The Genetical Evolution of Social B..." refers background in this paper

  • ...And, perhaps in consequence of this lack, it rather appears that Fisher’s Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection has yet to be put in a form which is really as general as Fisher’s original statement purports to be (Fisher, 1930, p. 37, see points raised by Moran, 1962, pp. 60, 66)....

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Book•
Animal dispersion in relation to social behaviour

[...]

Vero Copner Wynne-Edwards
01 Jan 1962
TL;DR: Wynne-Edwards has written this interesting and important book as a sequel to his earlier (1962) Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behaviour, and reviewing it has proven to be a valuable task for one who normally is only at the periphery of the group selection controversy.
Abstract: Wynne-Edwards has written this interesting and important book as a sequel to his earlier (1962) Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behaviour. Reviewing it has proven to be a valuable task for one who normally is only at the periphery of the group selection controversy. My comments will be organized into three sections: one regarding the factual content of the book, a second attempting to relate my own expectations and predictions based on soft selection with facts described by Wynne-Edwards, and a third criticizing the argument that has been advanced for group selection. A number of important studies have been summarized in this book. Foremost is the extensive work on red grouse with which Wynne-Edwards has been associated for more than 30years. A great deal of ecological, physiological, nutritional, and behavioural information regarding this bird has been reviewed in seven chapters (pp. 84-170) with additional comments liberally sprinkled elsewhere. Anyone interested in avian biology who has missed this important study must read this book. Also extensively reviewed is the work of Michael Wade on group selection in Tribolium, the flour beetle. Wade's data are presented in enough detail that his work can be understood by those who have not seen the original publications. [Twice (pp. 210 and 233) reference is made to a 40-fold difference between two of Wade's selected lines, whereas the figure on p. 209 suggests that the difference is nearer 7-fold. Figure 11-16 also contains an error.] A number of other studies have been reviewed in some, but not exhaustive, detail. Among these are Smithers and Terry's analysis of immunology in schistosomiasis, Birdsell's studies of the social structure of Australian aborigines and Sewell Wright's shifting balance theory of evolution. Numerous other observations are cited in the text, none in so great detail as those mentioned here, and many in such rapid succession as nearly to overwhelm the reader. Many of Wynne-Edwards' conclusions are based on densityand frequencydependent selection, territoriality and the migration of individuals between and within populations at various heirarchal levels (in-groups, demes, populations and higher categories). Still, there is no mention of authors such as Howard Levene or Wyatt Anderson. Consequently, I feel justified in presenting

1,842 citations

"The Genetical Evolution of Social B..." refers background in this paper

  • ...In the unusual cases of birds where polyandry is combined with male parental care it seems that the male is always monogynous and broods a clutch given him by a single female (Wynne-Edwards, 1962, pp. 237-...

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Book•
The statistical processes of evolutionary theory.

[...]

P. A. P. Moran
01 Dec 1962

860 citations

"The Genetical Evolution of Social B..." refers background in this paper

  • ...And, perhaps in consequence of this lack, it rather appears that Fisher’s Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection has yet to be put in a form which is really as general as Fisher’s original statement purports to be (Fisher, 1930, p. 37, see points raised by Moran, 1962, pp. 60, 66)....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
The herring gull's world.

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Frank A. Beach
01 Jan 1955-Psychological Bulletin

431 citations

Related Papers (5)
The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism

[...]

01 Mar 1971-The Quarterly Review of Biology
Robert Trivers
The Evolution of Cooperation

[...]

01 Apr 1984
Robert Axelrod, William D. Hamilton
The Selfish Gene

[...]

01 Jan 1976
Richard Dawkins
The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection

[...]

01 Jan 1930
R. A. Fisher
Sociobiology: The New Synthesis

[...]

01 Jan 1975
Edward O. Wilson