Journal ArticleDOI
The genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
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TLDR
Gene–environment interactions, which are as yet relatively understudied, are likely to be of importance in fully understanding the role of genes in ADHD and are discussed.Abstract:
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that almost certainly represents the common outcome of multiple causal pathways and it is now generally accepted that genetic factors make a significant contribution to these pathways. Behavioral studies suggest a heritability of approximately 0.76. While molecular genetic approaches have identified a range of potential candidate genes, it is now clear that the genetics of ADHD are characterized by a number of genes each of which makes a small but significant contribution to the overall risk. Several genome-wide linkage studies have been conducted and, although there are considerable differences in findings between studies, several regions have been supported across several studies (bin 16.4, 5p13, 11q22-25, 17p11). The contribution of several candidate genes has been supported by meta-analyses (DRD4, DRD5, DAT1, HTR1B and SNAP25). Genome-wide association scans are starting to appear but have not yet had sufficient power to produce conclusive results. Gene-environment interactions, which are as yet relatively understudied, are likely to be of importance in fully understanding the role of genes in ADHD and will be discussed.read more
Citations
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The Physiology, Signaling, and Pharmacology of Dopamine Receptors
TL;DR: D dopamine receptor classification, their basic structural and genetic organization, their distribution and functions in the brain and the periphery, and their regulation and signal transduction mechanisms are discussed.
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Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: an update.
TL;DR: This patient population can be treated effectively with individualized treatment regimens of stimulants, atomoxetine, or bupropion, along with close monitoring, and longacting formulations (administered once/day) may improve adherence.
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The ESSENCE in child psychiatry: Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Patterns of Comorbidity, Functioning, and Service Use for US Children With ADHD, 2007
TL;DR: Clinical management of ADHD must address multiple comorbid conditions and manage a range of adverse functional outcomes, and Therapeutic approaches should be responsive to each child's neurodevelopmental profile, tailored to their unique social and family circumstances, and integrated with educational, mental health and social support services.
Journal ArticleDOI
Rare structural variants found in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are preferentially associated with neurodevelopmental genes
Josephine Elia,Xiaowu Gai,Hongbo Xie,Juan C. Perin,Elizabeth A. Geiger,Joseph T. Glessner,Monica D’Arcy,R. Deberardinis,Edward C. Frackelton,Cecilia Kim,Francesca Lantieri,B. M. Muganga,Li-San Wang,Toshinobu Takeda,Eric F. Rappaport,Struan F.A. Grant,Struan F.A. Grant,Wade H. Berrettini,Marcella Devoto,Tamim H. Shaikh,Tamim H. Shaikh,Hakon Hakonarson,Hakon Hakonarson,Peter White,Peter White +24 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that rare inherited structural variations play an important role in ADHD development and a set of putative candidate genes for further study in the etiology of ADHD are indicated.
References
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TL;DR: Efforts are needed to increase the detection and treatment of adult ADHD and research is needed to determine whether effective treatment would reduce the onset, persistence, and severity of disorders that co-occur with adult ADHD.
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Cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm: a meta-analysis.
TL;DR: Children who were born preterm are at risk for reduced cognitive test scores and their immaturity at birth is directly proportional to the mean cognitive scores at school age.
Journal ArticleDOI
Molecular Genetics of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Stephen V. Faraone,Roy H. Perlis,Alysa E. Doyle,Jordan W. Smoller,Jennifer J. Goralnick,Meredith A. Holmgren,Pamela Sklar +6 more
TL;DR: Family, twin, and adoption studies provide compelling evidence that genes play a strong role in mediating susceptibility to ADHD, and seven genes for which the same variant has been studied in three or more case-control or family-based studies show statistically significant evidence of association with ADHD.
Journal ArticleDOI
Molecular genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Stephen V. Faraone,Eric Mick +1 more
TL;DR: Although twin studies demonstrate that ADHD is a highly heritable condition, molecular genetic studies suggest that the genetic architecture of ADHD is complex as discussed by the authors, and the handful of genomewide linkage and association scans that have been conducted thus far show divergent findings and are therefore not conclusive.
Journal ArticleDOI
Variance components models for gene-environment interaction in twin analysis.
TL;DR: As well as elucidating environmental pathways, consideration of gene-environment interaction in quantitative and molecular studies will potentially direct and enhance gene-mapping efforts.