Journal ArticleDOI

# The Geometric Satake Correspondence for Ramified Groups

01 Mar 2015--Vol. 48, Iss: 2, pp 409-451

Abstract: We prove the geometrical Satake isomorphism for a reductive group defined over F=k((t)), and split over a tamely ramified extension. As an application, we give a description of the nearby cycles on certain Shimura varieties via the Rapoport-Zink-Pappas local models.
Topics: Isomorphism (62%), Reductive group (56%)

Content maybe subject to copyright    Report

Ann. Scient. Éc. Norm. Sup.
4
e
série, t. 48, 2015, p. 409 à 451
THE GEOMETRIC SATAKE CORRESPONDENCE
FOR RAMIFIED GROUPS
X ZHU
A. We prove the geometric Satake isomorphism for a reductive group deﬁned over
F = k((t)), and split over a tamely ramiﬁed extension. As an application, we give a description of the
nearby cycles on certain Shimura varieties via the Rapoport-Zink-Pappas local models.
R. Nous démontrons l’isomorphisme de Satake géométrique pour un groupe réductif dé-
ﬁni sur F = k((t)) et déplo sur une extension modérément ramiﬁée. Nous donnons comme applica-
tion une description des cycles évanescents sur certaines variétés de Shimura via les modèles locaux de
Rapoport-Zink-Pappas.
Introduction
The Satake isomorphism (for unramiﬁed groups) is the starting point of the Langlands
duality. Let us ﬁrst recall its statement. Let F be a non-Archimedean local ﬁeld with ring
of integers O and residue ﬁeld k, and let G be a connected unramiﬁed reductive group
over F (e.g., G = GL
n
). Let A G be a maximal split torus of G, and W
0
be the
Weyl group of (G, A). Let K be a hyperspecial subgroup of G(F ) containing A( O) (e.g.,
K = GL
n
( O)). Then the classical Satake isomorphism describes the spherical Hecke algebra
Sph = C
c
(K \ G(F )/K), the algebra of compactly supported bi-K-invariant functions
on G(F ) under convolution. Namely, there is an isomorphism of algebras
Sph ' C[X
(A)]
W
0
,
where X
(A) is the coweight lattice of A, and C[X
(A)]
W
0
denotes the W
0
-invariants of the
group algebra of X
(A).
If F has positive characteristic p > 0, then the classical Satake correspondence has a vast
enhancement. For simplicity, let us assume that G is split over F (for the general case, see
Theorem A.12). Let us write G = H
k
F for some split group H over k so that K = H( O).
Let Gr
H
= H(F )/H( O) be the ane Grassmannian of H. Choose a prime dierent from p,
ANNALES SCIENTIFIQUES DE L’ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE
0012-9593/02/© 2015 Société Mathématique de France. Tous droits réservés

410 X. ZHU
and let Sat
H
be the category of (K
¯
k)-equivariant perverse sheaves with Q
`
-coecients
on Gr
H
¯
k. Then this is a Tannakian category and there is an equivalence
Sat
H
' Rep(G
Q
`
),
where G
Q
`
is the dual group of G and Rep(G
Q
`
) is the tensor category of algebraic represen-
tations of G
Q
`
(cf. [10, 19]).
There is also a version of Satake isomorphism for an arbitrary reductive group over F ,
as recently proved by Haines and Rostami (cf. [12])
(1)
. Namely, let B(G) be the Bruhat-Tits
building of G and v B(G) be a special vertex. Let K
v
G(F ) be the special parahoric
subgroup of G(F ) corresponding to v. Let A be a maximal split F -torus of G such that
K
v
A( O), let M be the centralizer of A in G and W
0
= N
G
(A)/M be the Weyl group
as before. Let M
1
be the unique parahoric subgroup of M(F ), and Λ
M
= M(F )/M
1
, which
is a ﬁnitely generated Abelian group. Then
(0.1) C
c
(K
v
\G(F )/K
v
) ' C
M
]
W
0
.
More explicitly, suppose that G is quasi-split so that M = T is a maximal torus. Then
Λ
M
= (X
(T )
I
)
σ
,
where I is the inertial group and σ is the Frobenius, and (X
(T )
I
)
σ
denotes the σ-invariants
of the I-coinvariants of the group X
(T ).
The goal of this paper is to provide a geometric version of the above isomorphism when
F has positive characteristic p and the group G is quasi-split and splits over a tamely ramiﬁed
extension. More precisely, let k be an algebraically closed ﬁeld and let 6= char k be a prime.
Let G be a group over the local ﬁeld F = k((t)) (so that G is quasi-split automatically), which
is split over a tamely ramiﬁed extension. That is, there is a ﬁnite extension
˜
F /F such that
G
˜
F
is split and char k - [
˜
F : F ]. Let v B(G) be a special vertex in the building of G
and let G
v
be the parahoric group scheme over O = k[[t]] (in the sense of Bruhat-Tits),
determined by v. We write LG for the loop space of G and K
v
= L
+
G
v
for the jet space
of G
v
. By deﬁnition, for any k-algebra R, LG(R) = G(R
ˆ
k
F ) and K
v
(R) = G
v
(R
ˆ
k
O).
Let
F
v
= LG/K
v
be the (twisted) ane ﬂag variety
(2)
, which is an ind-scheme over k. Let P
v
= P
K
v
( F
v
)
be the category of K
v
-equivariant perverse sheaf on F
v
, with coecients in Q
`
. Let H be a
split Chevalley group over Z such that G
F
F
s
' H F
s
, where F
s
is a (ﬁxed) separable
closure of F . Then there is a natural action of I = Gal(F
s
/F ) on H
:= H
Q
`
(preserving a
ﬁxed pinning).
T 0.1. The category P
v
has a natural tensor structure. In addition, as tensor
categories, there is an equivalence
R S : Rep((H
)
I
) ' P
v
,
(1)
There is another version, known earlier, as in [6].
(2)
One would call F `
v
the ane Grassmannian of G. However, we reserve the name “ane Grassmannian of G
for another object, as deﬁned in Deﬁnition A.2.
4
e
SÉRIE TOME 48 2015 N
o
2

THE GEOMETRIC SATAKE CORRESPONDENCE FOR RAMIFIED GROUPS 411
such that H
R S is isomorphic to the forgetful functor, where H
is the hypercohomology
functor.
This theorem can be regarded as a categoriﬁcation of (0.1) in the case when k is alge-
braically closed and the group splits over a tamely ramiﬁed extension of k((t)). For the
description of (H
)
I
when H is absolutely simple and simply-connected, see § 4.
Let us point out the following remarkable facts when the group is ramiﬁed. First, the
group (H
)
I
is not necessarily connected as is shown in Remark (4.4). Second, it is well-
known that if G is unramiﬁed over F , then all the hyperspecial subgroups of G are conjugate
under G
(F ) ([27, §2.5]), where G
is the adjoint group of G. However, this is no longer
true for special parahoric of G if G is ramiﬁed. An example is given by the odd ramiﬁed
unitary similitude group GU
2m+1
. There are essentially two types of special parahorics
of GU
2m+1
, as given in (7.1). One of them has reductive quotient GO
2m+1
(denoted by G
v
0
),
and the other has reductive quotient GSp
2m
(denoted G
v
1
). Accordingly, the geometry
of the corresponding ﬂag varieties F
v
0
and F
v
1
are very dierent, while P
v
0
' P
v
1
.
Indeed, their Schubert varieties (i.e., closures of K
v
i
-orbits) are both parameterized by
irreducible representations of GO
2m+1
. Let F
v
0
¯µ
2m,1
(resp. F
v
1
¯µ
2m,1
) be the Schubert
variety in F
v
0
(resp. F
v
1
) parameterized by the standard representation of GO
2m+1
.
Then it is shown in [31] that F
v
0
¯µ
2m,1
is not Gorenstein, while in [25] that F
v
1
¯µ
2m,1
is
smooth. On the other hand, the intersection cohomology of both varieties gives the standard
representation of GO
2m+1
. In addition, the stalk cohomologies of both sheaves are the
“same”. See Theorem 0.3 below.
R 0.1 . Instead of considering a special parahoric K
v
of LG, one can begin with
the special maximal “compact” K
0
v
, (i.e., K
0
v
= L
+
G
0
v
, where G
0
v
is the stabilizer group
scheme of v as constructed by Bruhat-Tits), and consider the category of K
0
v
-equivariant
perverse sheaves on LG/K
0
v
. However, from a geometric point of view, this is less natural
since K
0
v
is not necessarily connected and the category of K
0
v
-equivariant perverse sheaves
is complicated. In fact, we do not know how to relate this category to the Langlands dual
group yet. In addition, when we discuss the Langlands parameters in Section 6, it is also more
“correct” to consider K
v
rather than K
0
v
.
The idea of the proof of the theorem is as follows. Using Gaitsgory’s nearby cycle functor
construction as in [8, 31], we construct a functor
Z : Sat
H
P
v
,
which is a central functor in the sense of [2]. By standard arguments in the theory of
Tannakian equivalence and the Mirkovic-Vilonen theorem, this already implies that
P
v
' Rep(
˜
G
) for certain closed subgroup
˜
G
H
. Then we identify
˜
G
with (H
)
I
using the parametrization of the K
v
-orbits on F
v
.
R 0.2 . (i) We believe that the same argument (maybe with small modiﬁcations)
should work for groups split over wild ramiﬁed extensions. However, we have not checked
this carefully.
(ii) Our approach is more inspired by [8] rather than [19]. However, it would be interesting
to know whether there is the similar theory of MV-cycles in the ramiﬁed case. It seems that
ANNALES SCIENTIFIQUES DE L’ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE

412 X. ZHU
the geometry of semi-inﬁnite orbits on F
v
is similar to the unramiﬁed case, except when
F
v
corresponds to one type of special parahorics for odd unitary groups (the one denoted
by G
v
1
as above). We do not know what happens in this last case.
(iii) Our theorem and the method also share the similar features with the results of Nadler
on geometric Satake for real groups [20].
When the group G is quasi-split over the non-Archimedean local ﬁeld F = F
q
((t)) and
v is a special vertex of B(G, F ), the ane ﬂag variety F
v
is deﬁned over F
q
. We assume that
v is very special, i.e., it remains special when we base change G to F
q
((t)) (see § 6 for more dis-
cussions of this notion). Then we can consider the category of K
v
-equivariant semi-simple
perverse sheaves on F
v
, pure of weight zero, and denote it by P
0
v
. On the other hand, let I
be the inertial group of F and σ be the Frobenius of Gal(k/F
q
), where k = F
q
. Then the ac-
tion of Gal(F
s
/F ) on H
(via the pinned automorphisms) induces a canonical action of σ
on (H
)
I
, denoted by act
alg
. One can form the semidirect product (H
)
I
o
act
alg
Gal(k/F
q
),
which can be regarded as a proalgebraic group over Q
`
, and consider the category of alge-
braic representations of (H
)
I
o
act
alg
Gal(k/F
q
), denoted by Rep((H
)
I
o
act
alg
Gal(k/F
q
)).
T 0.2. In this case, the functor R S in Theorem 0.1 can be extended to an
equivalence
R S : Rep((H
)
I
o
act
alg
Gal(k/F
q
)) ' P
0
v
,
whose composition with H
is isomorphic to the forgetful functor.
Let us mention that under this equivalence, the restriction to Gal(k/F
q
) of the represen-
tation (H
)
I
o
act
alg
Gal(k/F
q
) on H
( F ) for F P
0
v
is NOT the natural Galois action
of Gal(k/F
q
) on H
( F ). However, their dierence can be described explicitly. See Section 4
and appendix for more details.
Our next result is to use the ramiﬁed geometric Satake isomorphism to obtain the stalk
cohomology of sheaves on F
v
(i.e., the corresponding Lusztig-Kato polynomial in ramiﬁed
case), following an idea of Ginzburg (cf. [10]). Let us state the result precisely. The centralizer
of A in our case is a maximal torus of G, denoted by T . Then the K-orbits on F
v
are labeled
by X
(T )
I
/W
0
, W
0
-orbits of the coinvariants of the cocharacter group of T . For ¯µ X
(T )
I
,
let
˚
F
v ¯µ
be the corresponding orbit. For a representation V of (H
)
I
, let V (¯µ) be the weight
space of V for (T
)
I
. Let X
Lie(H
)
I
be a certain principal nilpotent element (see
Section 5 for the details), which induces a ﬁltration F
i
V (¯µ) = (ker X
)
i+1
V (¯µ) on V (¯µ),
called the Brylinski-Kostant ﬁltration. Then we have
T 0.3. For V Rep((H
)
I
), let R S(V ) P
v
be the corresponding sheaf. Then
dim H
2i(2ρ,¯µ)
R S(V )|
F `
v ¯µ
= dim gr
F
i
V (¯µ).
Here H
denotes the cohomology sheaves, and 2ρ is the sum of positive roots of H, see
Section 1 for the meaning of (2ρ, ¯µ).
One of our main motivations of this work is to apply these results to the calculation of the
nearby cycles of certain ramiﬁed unitary Shimura varieties, via the Rapoport-Zink-Pappas
local models. For example, we obtain the following theorem (see Section 7 for details).
4
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SÉRIE TOME 48 2015 N
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THE GEOMETRIC SATAKE CORRESPONDENCE FOR RAMIFIED GROUPS 413
T 0.4. Let G = GU(r, s) be a unitary similitude group associated to an imagi-
nary quadratic extension F/Q and a Hermitian space (W, φ) over F/Q. Let p > 2 be a prime
where F/Q is ramiﬁed and the Hermitian form is split. Let K
p
be a special parahoric subgroup
of G = G(Q
p
). Let K = K
p
K
p
G(Q
p
)G(A
p
f
) be a compact open subgroup with K
p
small
enough. Let Sh
K
be the associated Shimura variety over the reﬂex ﬁeld E and Sh
K
p
be the in-
tegral model of Sh
K
over O
E
p
(as deﬁned in [23]). Then for 6= p, the action of the inertial
subgroup I of Gal(Q
p
/F
p
) on the nearby cycle Ψ
Sh
K
p
O
E
p
O
F
p
(Q
`
) is trivial.
By applying Theorem 0.3, it will not be hard to determine the traces of Frobenius on these
sheaves explicitly, which will be the input of the Langlands-Kottwitz method to determine
the local Zeta factors of Sh
K
. Instead, we characterize these traces of Frobenius in terms of
Langlands parameters, which veriﬁes a conjecture of Haines and Kottwitz in this case (see
Proposition 7.4).
R 0.3 . (i) While the deﬁnition of the integral model of a PEL-type Shimura
variety at an “unramiﬁed” prime p (i.e., the group is unramiﬁed at p and K
p
is hyperspe-
cial) is well-known (cf. [15]), the deﬁnition of such a model at the ramiﬁed prime p (even
for K
p
special) is a subtle issue. In [21, 23], the integral models Sh
K
p
are deﬁned as certain
closed subschemes of certain moduli problems of Abelian varieties. Except a few cases
(e.g., (r, s) = (n 1, 1) and n = r + s is small), there is no moduli description of Sh
K
p
so far. In general, Sh
K
p
are not smooth. Indeed, as shown in [21, 23], when n = r + s is
odd and (r, s) = (n 1, 1), for the special parahoric K
p
of G(Q
p
) with reductive quotient
GO
n
, Sh
K
p
is not even semi-stable.
(ii) If r 6= s, then we know that E = F and the above theorem gives a complete description
of the monodromy on the nearby cycles of Sh
K
p
. If r = s, then E = Q, and the complete
description of the monodromy is more complicated. See Section 7 for details. In any case, the
action of inertia on the nearby cycle is semi-simple.
(iii) We hope that there will be a “good” compactiﬁcation of such Shimura varieties Sh
K
p
.
Then the above theorem, together with the existence of such compactiﬁcation, would imply
that the monodromy of H
c
(Sh
K
E
p
F
p
) is trivial.
(iv) The triviality of the monodromy as above would have the following surprising conse-
quence for the Albanese of Picard modular surfaces. Namely, in the case when (r, s) = (2, 1),
F/Q is ramiﬁed at p > 2 and K
p
= G(Q
p
) is a special parahoric, the Albanese Alb(Sh
K
p
)
of Sh
K
p
is trivial. It will be interesting to ﬁnd the “optimal” level structure at p so that
Alb(Sh
K
p
) can be possibly non-trivial. More detailed discussion will appear elsewhere.
Let us quickly describe the organization of the paper. We will prove Theorem 0.1 and
Theorem 0.2 in §1-4. Then we prove Theorem 0.3 in §5.
In § 6, we brieﬂy discuss the Langlands parameters associated to a smooth representation
of a quasi-split p-adic group, which has a vector ﬁxed by a special parahoric. We call them
“spherical” representations, and we will see that their Langlands parameters can be described
easily. Again, the correct point of view is to consider the special parahoric rather than the
special maximal compact. Then in § 7, we apply the previous results to study the nearby cycles
on certain unitary Shimura varieties.
ANNALES SCIENTIFIQUES DE L’ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE

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