The Global Land Data Assimilation System

doi:10.1175/BAMS-85-3-381

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The Global Land Data Assimilation System

Journal Article•DOI•

The Global Land Data Assimilation System

Mathew Rodell¹, Paul R. Houser¹, U. Jambor², Jon Gottschalck², Kenneth E. Mitchell, C. J. Meng², Kristi R. Arsenault², B. Cosgrove², J Radakovich², Michael G. Bosilovich¹, Jared Entin², Jeffrey P. Walker³, Dag Lohmann, David Toll¹ - Show less +10 more•Institutions (3)

Goddard Space Flight Center¹, University of Maryland, College Park², University of Melbourne³

01 Mar 2004-Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (American Meteorological Society)-Vol. 85, Iss: 3, pp 381-394

TL;DR: The Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) as mentioned in this paper is an uncoupled land surface modeling system that drives multiple models, integrates a huge quantity of observation-based data, runs globally at high resolution (0.25°), and produces results in near-real time (typically within 48 h of the present).

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Abstract: A Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) has been developed. Its purpose is to ingest satellite- and ground-based observational data products, using advanced land surface modeling and data assimilation techniques, in order to generate optimal fields of land surface states and fluxes. GLDAS is unique in that it is an uncoupled land surface modeling system that drives multiple models, integrates a huge quantity of observation-based data, runs globally at high resolution (0.25°), and produces results in near–real time (typically within 48 h of the present). GLDAS is also a test bed for innovative modeling and assimilation capabilities. A vegetation-based “tiling” approach is used to simulate subgrid-scale variability, with a 1-km global vegetation dataset as its basis. Soil and elevation parameters are based on high-resolution global datasets. Observation-based precipitation and downward radiation and output fields from the best available global coupled atmospheric data assimilation systems are employe...

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Journal Article•DOI•

Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate: A review

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Sonia I. Seneviratne¹, T. Corti¹, Edouard Davin¹, Martin Hirschi¹, Eric B. Jaeger¹, Irene Lehner¹, Boris Orlowsky¹, Adriaan J. Teuling¹ - Show less +4 more•Institutions (1)

ETH Zurich¹

01 May 2010-Earth-Science Reviews

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a synthesis of past research on the role of soil moisture for the climate system, based both on modelling and observational studies, focusing on soil moisture-temperature and soil moistureprecipitation feedbacks, and their possible modifications with climate change.

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3,402 citations

Cites background or methods from "The Global Land Data Assimilation S..."

...Two such products are the Global Land Data Assimilation System dataset (GLDAS, Rodell et al., 2004a), available from 1979 to present (but driven with heterogeneous forcing datasets over time), and the Global Soil Wetness Project 2 dataset (GSWP-2, Dirmeyer et al., 2006a), available for the time period 1986–1995 (a previous dataset for 1987–1988 is also available, Dirmeyer et al., 1999)....
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...Two such products are the Global Land Data Assimilation System dataset (GLDAS, Rodell et al., 2004a), available from 1979 to present (but driven with heterogeneous forcing datasets over time), and the Global Soil Wetness Project 2 dataset (GSWP-2, Dirmeyer et al., 2006a), available for the time…...
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...…of variations in terrestrial water storage can effectively be retrieved from GRACE measurements (e.g. Tapley et al., 2004; Wahr et al., 2004; Rodell et al., 2004b; Andersen et al., 2005; Schmidt et al., 2006; Swenson et al., 2006; Güntner et al. 2007; Swenson et al. 2008; Rodell et al.,…...
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...(8b) θFC Soil moisture content at field capacity — see Section 2 θSAT Saturation soil moisture content (or water-holding capacity) — see Section 2 θWILT Wilting point (also called permanent wilting point or plant wilting point) — see Section 2 20C3M Simulations from IPCC AR4 for 20th century (control) AGCM Atmospheric General Circulation Model AMSR-E AdvancedMicrowave ScanningRadiometer—EarthObserving System AOGCM Atmosphere–Ocean General Circulation Model ASCAT Advanced SCATterometer BSWB Basin-Scale Water-Balance dataset — see Section 8.3 ECMWF European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA40 ECMWF ReAnalysis—40 ERS European Remote Sensing satellite ESA European Space Agency EU-FP6 Sixth Framework Program of the European Union EUMETSAT EUropean organisation for the exploitation of METeorological SATellites GCM General Circulation Model GLACE Global Land–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment GLACE-2 2nd Phase of theGlobal Land–Atmosphere Climate Experiment GLDAS Global Land Data Assimilation System GRACE Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment— see Section 8.2.2 GPCC Global Precipitation Climatology Centre GPCP Global Precipitation Climatology Project GSWP Global Soil Wetness Project GSWP2 2nd Phase of the Global Soil Wetness Project IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC AR4 4th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC AR5 5th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change JJA June–July–August (boreal summer) LAI Leaf Area Index LSM Land Surface Model LUCID Land Use and Climate: IDentification of robust impacts MetOp Meteorological Operational satellite programme (jointly established by ESA and EUMETSAT) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration PAR Photosynthetically Active Radiation PDSI Palmer Drought Severity Index PILPS Project for the Intercomparison of Land Parameterization Schemes PRUDENCE Prediction of Regional scenarios and Uncertainties for Defining EuropeaN Climate change risks and Effects (EU-FP6 project) RCM Regional Climate Model SMAP Soil Moisture Active and Passive mission SMI Soil Moisture Index SMOS Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission SMMR Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer SPI Standardized Precipitation Index SRES IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios SRES A1B SRES scenario A1B SRES A2 SRES scenario A2 SST Sea Surface Temperature TDR Time Domain Reflectometry TMI TRMM Microwave Imager TRMM Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission...
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...…et al., 2006a,b; Mueller et al., in press), offline land surface model simulations with observations-based forcing (e.g. Dirmeyer et al., 1999; Rodell et al., 2004a,b; Dirmeyer et al., 2006a; Peters-Lidard et al., 2007), or land data assimilation techniques (e.g. van den Hurk et al., 1997;…...
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Journal Article•DOI•

Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India

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Matthew Rodell¹, Isabella Velicogna², Isabella Velicogna³, Isabella Velicogna⁴, James S. Famiglietti² - Show less +1 more•Institutions (4)

Goddard Space Flight Center¹, University of California, Irvine², University of Udine³, California Institute of Technology⁴

20 Aug 2009-Nature

TL;DR: The available evidence suggests that unsustainable consumption of groundwater for irrigation and other anthropogenic uses is likely to be the cause of groundwater depletion in northwest India and the consequences for the 114,000,000 residents of the region may include a reduction of agricultural output and shortages of potable water, leading to extensive socioeconomic stresses.

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Abstract: Groundwater is a primary source of fresh water in many parts of the world. Some regions are becoming overly dependent on it, consuming groundwater faster than it is naturally replenished and causing water tables to decline unremittingly 1 . Indirect evidencesuggeststhatthisisthecaseinnorthwestIndia 2 ,butthere has been no regional assessment of the rate of groundwater depletion. Here we use terrestrial water storage-change observations from the NASA Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites 3 and simulated soil-water variations from a dataintegrating hydrological modelling system 4 to show that groundwater is being depleted at a mean rate of 4.0 61.0cmyr 21 equivalent height of water (17.7 64.5km 3 yr 21 ) over the Indian states

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2,198 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

River plastic emissions to the world's oceans.

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Laurent Lebreton, Joost Van Der Zwet, Jan Willem Damsteeg, Boyan Slat, Anthony L. Andrady¹, Julia Reisser - Show less +2 more•Institutions (1)

North Carolina State University¹

07 Jun 2017-Nature Communications

TL;DR: A global model of plastic inputs from rivers into oceans based on waste management, population density and hydrological information is presented to provide baseline data for ocean plastic mass balance exercises, and assist in prioritizing future plastic debris monitoring and mitigation strategies.

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Abstract: Plastics in the marine environment have become a major concern because of their persistence at sea, and adverse consequences to marine life and potentially human health. Implementing mitigation strategies requires an understanding and quantification of marine plastic sources, taking spatial and temporal variability into account. Here we present a global model of plastic inputs from rivers into oceans based on waste management, population density and hydrological information. Our model is calibrated against measurements available in the literature. We estimate that between 1.15 and 2.41 million tonnes of plastic waste currently enters the ocean every year from rivers, with over 74% of emissions occurring between May and October. The top 20 polluting rivers, mostly located in Asia, account for 67% of the global total. The findings of this study provide baseline data for ocean plastic mass balance exercises, and assist in prioritizing future plastic debris monitoring and mitigation strategies. Rivers provide a major pathway for ocean plastic waste, but effective mitigation is dependent on a quantification of active sources. Here, the authors present a global model of riverine plastic inputs, and estimate annual plastic waste of almost 2.5 million tonnes, with 86% sourced from Asia.

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2,083 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

GRACE measurements of mass variability in the Earth system.

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Byron D. Tapley¹, Srinivas Bettadpur¹, John C Ries¹, Paul F. Thompson¹, Michael M. Watkins² - Show less +1 more•Institutions (2)

University of Texas at Austin¹, California Institute of Technology²

23 Jul 2004-Science

TL;DR: Geoid variations observed over South America that can be largely attributed to surface water and groundwater changes show a clear separation between the large Amazon watershed and the smaller watersheds to the north.

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Abstract: Monthly gravity field estimates made by the twin Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites have a geoid height accuracy of 2 to 3 millimeters at a spatial resolution as small as 400 kilometers. The annual cycle in the geoid variations, up to 10 millimeters in some regions, peaked predominantly in the spring and fall seasons. Geoid variations observed over South America that can be largely attributed to surface water and groundwater changes show a clear separation between the large Amazon watershed and the smaller watersheds to the north. Such observations will help hydrologists to connect processes at traditional length scales (tens of kilometers or less) to those at regional and global scales.

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2,058 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The Global Precipitation Measurement Mission

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Arthur Y. Hou¹, Ramesh K. Kakar, Steven P. Neeck, Ardeshir A. Azarbarzin, Christian D. Kummerow², Masahiro Kojima³, Riko Oki³, Kenji Nakamura⁴, Toshio Iguchi⁵ - Show less +5 more•Institutions (5)

Goddard Space Flight Center¹, Colorado State University², Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency³, Dokkyo University⁴, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology⁵

09 Jul 2014-Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

TL;DR: The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international satellite mission specifically designed to set a new standard for the measurement of precipitation from space and to provide a new generation of global rainfall and snowfall observations in all parts of the world every 3 h as discussed by the authors.

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Abstract: Precipitation affects many aspects of our everyday life. It is the primary source of freshwater and has significant socioeconomic impacts resulting from natural hazards such as hurricanes, floods, droughts, and landslides. Fundamentally, precipitation is a critical component of the global water and energy cycle that governs the weather, climate, and ecological systems. Accurate and timely knowledge of when, where, and how much it rains or snows is essential for understanding how the Earth system functions and for improving the prediction of weather, climate, freshwater resources, and natural hazard events. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international satellite mission specifically designed to set a new standard for the measurement of precipitation from space and to provide a new generation of global rainfall and snowfall observations in all parts of the world every 3 h. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency (JAXA) ...

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1,925 citations

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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

A New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction Problems

[...]

R. E. Kalman¹•Institutions (1)

Research Institute for Advanced Studies¹

01 Mar 1960-Journal of Basic Engineering

23,905 citations

Book Chapter•DOI•

A New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction Problems

[...]

Tamer Basar¹•Institutions (1)

University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign¹

01 Jan 2001

TL;DR: In this paper, the clssical filleting and prediclion problem is re-examined using the Bode-Shannon representation of random processes and the?stat-tran-sition? method of analysis of dynamic systems.

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Abstract: The clssical filleting and prediclion problem is re-examined using the Bode-Shannon representation of random processes and the ?stat-tran-sition? method of analysis of dynamic systems. New result are: (1) The formulation and Methods of solution of the problm apply, without modification to stationary and nonstationary stalistics end to growing-memory and infinile -memory filters. (2) A nonlinear difference (or differential) equalion is dericed for the covariance matrix of the optimal estimalion error. From the solution of this equation the coefficients of the difference, (or differential) equation of the optimal linear filter are obtained without further caleulations. (3) Tke fillering problem is shoum to be the dual of the nois-free regulator problem. The new method developed here, is applied to do well-known problems, confirming and extending, earlier results. The discussion is largely, self-contatained, and proceeds from first principles; basic concepts of the theory of random processes are reviewed in the Appendix.

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15,391 citations

"The Global Land Data Assimilation S..." refers background or methods in this paper

...Several data assimilation approaches are being tested for inclusion in GLDAS, including both the ensemble and the extended Kalman filters (Kalman 1960; Walker and Houser 2001), optimal interpolation, and hybrid insertion techniques....
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...The primary innovation of Mosaic was its treatment of subgrid-scale variability....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Global land cover classification at 1 km spatial resolution using a classification tree approach

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Matthew C. Hansen, Ruth DeFries, John R. Townshend, R. Sohlberg

01 Jan 2000-International Journal of Remote Sensing

TL;DR: In this paper, a 1km spatial resolution land cover classification using data for 1992-1993 from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) is presented. But the approach taken involved a hierarchy of pair-wise class trees where a logic based on vegetation form was applied until all classes were depicted.

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Abstract: This paper on reports the production of a 1km spatial resolution land cover classie cation using data for 1992- 1993 from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). This map will be included as an at-launch product of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to serve as an input for several algorithms requiring knowledge of land cover type. The methodology was derived from a similar e A ort to create a product at 8km spatial resolution, where high resolution data sets were interpreted in order to derive a coarse-resolution training data set. A set of 37294 O 1km pixels was used within a hierarchical tree structure to classify the AVHRR data into 12 classes. The approach taken involved a hierarchy of pair-wise class trees where a logic based on vegetation form was applied until all classes were depicted. Multi- temporal AVHRR metrics were used to predict class memberships. Minimum annual red ree ectance, peak annual Normalized Di A erence Vegetation Index (NDVI), and minimum channel three brightness temperature were among the most used metrics. Depictions of forests and woodlands, and areas of mechanized agriculture are in general agreement with other sources of information, while classes such as low biomass agriculture and high-latitude broadleaf forest are not. Comparisons of the e nal product with regional digital land cover maps derived from high-resolution remotely sensed data reveal general agreement, except for apparently poor depictions of temperate pastures within areas of agriculture. Distinguishing between forest and non-forest was achieved with agreements ran- ging from 81 to 92% for these regional subsets. The agreements for all classes varied from an average of 65% when viewing all pixels to an average of 82% when viewing only those 1km pixels consisting of greater than 90% one class within the high-resolution data sets.

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2,188 citations

"The Global Land Data Assimilation S..." refers methods in this paper

...GLDAS uses a static, 1-km resolution, global dataset of land cover class that was produced at the University of Maryland (UMD) based on observations from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) aboard the NOAA-15 satellite (Hansen et al. 2000)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

A Simple Biosphere Model (SIB) for Use within General Circulation Models

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Piers J. Sellers¹, Y. Mintz¹, Y. C. Sud², A. Dalcher•Institutions (2)

University of Maryland, College Park¹, Goddard Space Flight Center²

15 Mar 1986-Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

TL;DR: In this paper, a simple realistic biosphere model for calculating the transfer of energy, mass and momentum between the atmosphere and the vegetated surface of the earth has been developed for use in atmospheric general circulation models.

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Abstract: A simple realistic biosphere model for calculating the transfer of energy, mass and momentum between the atmosphere and the vegetated surface of the earth has been developed for use in atmospheric general circulation models. The vegetation in each terrestrial model grid is represented by an upper level, representing the perennial canopy of trees and shrubs, and a lower level, representing the annual cover of grasses and other heraceous species. The vegetation morphology and the physical and physiological properties of the vegetation layers determine such properties as: the reflection, transmission, absorption and emission of direct and diffuse radiation; the infiltration, drainage, and storage of the residual rainfall in the soil; and the control over the stomatal functioning. The model, with prescribed vegetation parameters and soil interactive soil moisture, can be used for prediction of the atmospheric circulation and precipitaion fields for short periods of up to a few weeks.

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2,107 citations

"The Global Land Data Assimilation S..." refers background or methods in this paper

...Surface flux calculations are similar to those described by Sellers et al. (1986)....
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...Furthermore, because soil moisture, temperature, and snow are integrated states, biases in land surface forcing data and parameterizations accumulate as errors in the representations of these states in operational numerical weather forecast and climate models and their associated coupled data…...
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...Mosaic (Koster and Suarez 1996) is a well-established and theoretically sound LSM with roots in the Simple Biosphere model (SiB) of Sellers et al. (1986)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

MODIS snow-cover products

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Dorothy K. Hall¹, George A. Riggs, Vincent V. Salomonson¹, Nicolo E. DiGirolamo, Klaus J. Bayr² - Show less +1 more•Institutions (2)

Goddard Space Flight Center¹, Keene State College²

01 Nov 2002-Remote Sensing of Environment

TL;DR: The MODIS snow product suite as mentioned in this paper consists of a 500m resolution, 2330km swath snow-cover map which is then gridded to an integerized sinusoidal grid to produce daily and 8-day composite tile products.

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1,231 citations

"The Global Land Data Assimilation S..." refers methods in this paper

...The MODIS science team at GSFC provides a daily, 0.05° gridded global snow cover dataset (D. K. Hall et al. 2002)....
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...…simulations, multiyear retrospective simulations are ongoing at lower resolutions (0.5° x 0.5° and 2.0° x 2.5°) using bias-corrected atmospheric reanalysis data (Berg et al. 2003) and data from the International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project, Initiative II (F. G. Hall et al. 2002)....
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