The Global Meningococcal Initiative: global epidemiology, the impact of vaccines on meningococcal disease and the importance of herd protection
Citations
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Cites background from "The Global Meningococcal Initiative..."
...meningitidis is classified into 12 serogroups according to the composition of its polysaccharide capsule; serogroups A, B, C, W, X, and Y cause most of the disease globally (24)....
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80 citations
Cites background from "The Global Meningococcal Initiative..."
...Finally, serogroup X (MenX) is reported in parts of Africa [45] ....
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77 citations
Cites background from "The Global Meningococcal Initiative..."
...Vaccination against IMD has been very effective in achieving control of the disease, as shown by several successful campaigns with conjugate meningococcal vaccines.(3,14,16) In...
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...secondary peaks in incidence occurring in adolescents/young adults and sometimes in older adults (≥65 years of age).(3) Worldwide, most regions have experienced a downward trend in the incidence of IMD in recent years, probably due in part to a combination of active immunization and secular change impacting risk factors for the disease(8,9) (e....
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...Vaccination against IMD has been very effective in achieving control of the disease, as shown by several successful campaigns with conjugate meningococcal vaccines.3,14,16 In 1999, in response to a steep increase in the number of MenC cases, the UK introduced conjugate MenC vaccine into the routine immunization program, first in infants, and subsequently in a single catch up program for everyone aged 12 months–17 years.35,55 The MenC vaccination program in the UK has been seen as a model for other countries across the world, with a similar “children plus catch-up” program (from 14 months of age up to 18 years old included) leading to comparable results in the Netherlands in preventing MenCIMD.56 A different approach was represented by the implementation of routine vaccination with MenC-conjugate vaccine in Brazil in 2010, for infants 3 and 5 months of age, with a booster at 12–15 months....
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...onward transmission of the bacterium, particularly of hyperinvasive clones.(3) A characteristic which sets IMD apart from...
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...No reduction of cases in unvaccinated age groups (herd effect of vaccination) occurred following mass vaccination of infants.(3,17,60)...
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References
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"The Global Meningococcal Initiative..." refers background in this paper
...‘catch-up’ campaigns and illustrate that conjugate vaccines’ effect on carriage was crucial to the success of the MenC and MenAfriVac® vaccine programs [18,72,116]....
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...In general, carriage is most frequent in young adults, with a prevalence of ~24% and approaching 100% in closed or semiclosed populations, such as military recruits and university students [18]....
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429 citations
"The Global Meningococcal Initiative..." refers background or methods in this paper
...promote (indirect) herd protection (Figure 2) [61,62]....
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...Such models are used to best effect in combination with data from surveillance, clinical trials, and carriage studies [61,64,65]....
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...In such situations, conjugate vaccines provide herd protection by providing long-lasting protection and reducing nasopharyngeal carriage [61,64,65], for example, through the presence of high levels of mucosal antibodies, thus reducing total transmission in the population....
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...(a) Reduction in MenC carriage [61] (immunized individuals aged 15–19 years)....
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398 citations
"The Global Meningococcal Initiative..." refers background in this paper
...promote (indirect) herd protection (Figure 2) [61,62]....
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...(b) Direct and herd protection [62] against MenC (attack rates in infants and overall attack rate reduction in age group 2 months to 18 years)....
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