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Journal ArticleDOI

The growth respiration component in eddy CO2 flux from a Quercus ilex mediterranean forest

01 Sep 2004-Global Change Biology (Wiley-Blackwell)-Vol. 10, Iss: 9, pp 1460-1469
TL;DR: Estimates of the growth component of whole-ecosystem respiration in a Mediterranean evergreen oak forest over the course of 3 years showed very large interannual variation, although average growth respiration coefficients and average yield of growth processes were fairly constant over the 3 years and close to literature values.
Abstract: Ecosystem respiration, arising from soil decomposition as well as from plant maintenance and growth, has been shown to be the most important component of carbon exchange in most terrestrial ecosystems. The goal of this study was to estimate the growth component of whole-ecosystem respiration in a Mediterranean evergreen oak (Quercus ilex) forest over the course of 3 years. Ecosystem respiration (Reco) was determined from night-time carbon dioxide flux (Fc) using eddy correlation when friction velocity (u*) was greater than 0.35 m s−1 We postulated that growth respiration could be evaluated as a residual after removing modeled base Reco from whole-ecosystem Reco during periods when growth was most likely occurring. We observed that the model deviated from the night-time Fc-based Reco during the period from early February to early July with the largest discrepancies occurring at the end of May, coinciding with budburst when active aboveground growth and radial growth increment are greatest. The highest growth respiration rates were observed in 2001 with daily fluxes reaching up to 4 g C m−2. The cumulative growth respiration for the entire growth period gave total carbon losses of 170, 208, and 142 g C m−2 for 1999, 2001, and 2002, respectively. Biochemical analysis of soluble carbohydrates, starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, proteins, lignin, and lipids for leaves and stems allowed calculation of the total construction costs of the different growth components, which yielded values of 154, 200, and 150 g C for 3 years, respectively, corresponding well to estimated growth respiration. Estimates of both leaf and stem growth showed very large interannual variation, although average growth respiration coefficients and average yield of growth processes were fairly constant over the 3 years and close to literature values. The time course of the growth respiration may be explained by the growth pattern of leaves and stems and by cambial activity. This approach has potential applications for interpreting the effects of climate variation, disturbances, and management practices on growth and ecosystem respiration.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new standardized set of corrections is introduced and the uncertainties associated with these corrections are assessed for eight different forest sites in Europe with a total of 12 yearly datasets.
Abstract: . Eddy covariance technique to measure CO2, water and energy fluxes between biosphere and atmosphere is widely spread and used in various regional networks. Currently more than 250 eddy covariance sites are active around the world measuring carbon exchange at high temporal resolution for different biomes and climatic conditions. In this paper a new standardized set of corrections is introduced and the uncertainties associated with these corrections are assessed for eight different forest sites in Europe with a total of 12 yearly datasets. The uncertainties introduced on the two components GPP (Gross Primary Production) and TER (Terrestrial Ecosystem Respiration) are also discussed and a quantitative analysis presented. Through a factorial analysis we find that generally, uncertainties by different corrections are additive without interactions and that the heuristic u*-correction introduces the largest uncertainty. The results show that a standardized data processing is needed for an effective comparison across biomes and for underpinning inter-annual variability. The methodology presented in this paper has also been integrated in the European database of the eddy covariance measurements.

1,255 citations


Cites methods from "The growth respiration component in..."

  • ...We used as gap-filling technique the method described in Reichstein et al. (2005) that exploits both the co-variation of fluxes with meteorological variables and the temporal autocorrelation of fluxes....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Key findings reported include: ecosystems with the greatest net carbon uptake have the longest growing season, not the greatest FA; many old-growth forests act as carbon sinks; and year-to-year decreases in FN are attributed to a suite of stresses that decrease FA and FR in tandem.
Abstract: Published eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange between vegetation and the atmosphere from a global network are distilled, synthesised and reviewed according to time scale, climate and plant functional types, disturbance and land use. Other topics discussed include history of the network, errors and issues associated with the eddy covariance method, and a synopsis of how these data are being used by ecosystem and climate modellers and the remote-sensing community. Spatial and temporal differences in net annual exchange, FN, result from imbalances in canopy photosynthesis (FA) and ecosystem respiration (FR), which scale closely with one another on annual time scales. Key findings reported include the following: (1) ecosystems with the greatest net carbon uptake have the longest growing season, not the greatest FA; (2) ecosystems losing carbon were recently disturbed; (3) many old-growth forests act as carbon sinks; and (4) year-to-year decreases in FN are attributed to a suite of stresses that decrease FA and FR in tandem. Short-term flux measurements revealed emergent-scale processes including (1) the enhancement of light use efficiency by diffuse light, (2) dynamic pulses in FR following rain and (3) the acclimation FA and FR to temperature. They also quantify how FA and FR respond to droughts and heat spells.

1,050 citations


Cites background from "The growth respiration component in..."

  • ...index (Luo et al. 2007; Ma et al. 2007; Pereira et al. 2007; Rambal et al. 2004; Reichstein et al. 2002b; Scott et al. 2004; Tirone et al. 2003)...

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  • ...…carbon-uptake season begins; FN is negative, but relatively low due to low leaf area index (Luo et al. 2007; Ma et al. 2007; Pereira et al. 2007; Rambal et al. 2004; Reichstein et al. 2002b; Scott et al. 2004; Tirone et al. 2003) Northern wetlands/ tundra FR depends on whether snow was present,…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, 15 techniques for estimating missing values of net ecosystem CO 2 exchange (NEE) in eddy covariance time series and evaluate their performance for different artificial gap scenarios based on a set of 10 benchmark datasets from six forested sites in Europe.

804 citations


Cites result from "The growth respiration component in..."

  • ...This estimate is comparable in magnitude to the uncertainty (due to random measurement error) in gap filled annual sums of NEE reported by Richardson et al. (2006a) and Stauch et al....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce an algorithm for NEE partitioning that uses a hyperbolic light response curve fit to daytime NEE, modified to account for the temperature sensitivity of respiration and the VPD limitation of photosynthesis.
Abstract: The measured net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 between the ecosystem and the atmosphere reflects the balance between gross CO2 assimilation [gross primary production (GPP)] and ecosystem respiration (R-eco). For understanding the mechanistic responses of ecosystem processes to environmental change it is important to separate these two flux components. Two approaches are conventionally used: (1) respiration measurements made at night are extrapolated to the daytime or (2) light-response curves are fit to daytime NEE measurements and respiration is estimated from the intercept of the ordinate, which avoids the use of potentially problematic nighttime data. We demonstrate that this approach is subject to biases if the effect of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) modifying the light response is not included. We introduce an algorithm for NEE partitioning that uses a hyperbolic light response curve fit to daytime NEE, modified to account for the temperature sensitivity of respiration and the VPD limitation of photosynthesis. Including the VPD dependency strongly improved the model's ability to reproduce the asymmetric diurnal cycle during periods with high VPD, and enhances the reliability of R-eco estimates given that the reduction of GPP by VPD may be otherwise incorrectly attributed to higher R-eco. Results from this improved algorithm are compared against estimates based on the conventional nighttime approach. The comparison demonstrates that the uncertainty arising from systematic errors dominates the overall uncertainty of annual sums (median absolute deviation of GPP: 47 g C m(-2) yr(-1)), while errors arising from the random error (median absolute deviation: similar to 2 g C m(-2) yr(-1)) are negligible. Despite site-specific differences between the methods, overall patterns remain robust, adding confidence to statistical studies based on the FLUXNET database. In particular, we show that the strong correlation between GPP and R-eco is not spurious but holds true when quasi-independent, i.e. daytime and nighttime based estimates are compared. (Less)

799 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...Site Years Vegetation type References DK-Sor 1997–2002,05–06 DBF Pilegaard et al. (2003) ES-ES1 99–00,03,05–06 ENF Reichstein et al. (2005) ES-ES2 2006 CRO – ES-Lma 2004,05 SAV – ES-VDA 2004 GRA Gilmanov et al. (2007) FI-Hyy 1997–1999,2001–2004 ENF Suni et al. (2003b) FI-Sii 2005 GRA Aurela et al. (2007) FI-Sod 2001, 2005–2006 ENF Suni et al. (2003a) FR-Fon 2006 DBF – FR-Gri 2005 CRO Hibbard et al. (2005) FR-Hes 1998–1999, 2001–2006 DBF Granier et al. (2000) FR-LBr 1998 ENF Berbigier et al. (2001) FR-Lq1 2004–2005 GRA Gilmanov et al. (2007) FR-Lq2 2004 GRA Gilmanov et al. (2007) FR-Pue 2001–2006 EBF Rambal et al. (2004) GF-Guy 2004, 2006 EBF Bonal et al. (2008) HU-Bug 2006 GRA Nagy et al. (2007) HU-Mat 2006 GRA Pinter et al. (2008) ID-Pag 2002 EBF Hirano et al. (2007) IE-Dri 2003–2004 GRA – IL-Yat 2004–2006 ENF Grünzweig et al. (2003) IT-Amp 2003 GRA Gilmanov et al. (2007) IT-Bci 2005, 2006 CRO Reichstein et al. (2003a) IT-Cpz 1997, 2003, 2004, 2006 EBF Garbulsky et al. (2008) IT-Lav 2001, 2004, 2006 ENF Marcolla et al. (2003) IT-Lec 2006 EBF – IT-Mbo 2003–2006 GRA Marcolla & Cescatti (2005) IT-PT1 2003 EBF Migliavacca et al. (2009) IT-Ren 2002–2004 ENF Montagnani et al. (2009) IT-Ro1 2002–2006 DBF Rey et al. (2002) IT-Ro2 2002, 2003, 2006 DBF Tedeschi et al. (2006) IT-SRo 2001–2003, 2006 ENF Chiesi et al. (2005) JP-Mas 2002–2003 CRO Saito et al. (2005) JP-Tak 1999, 2002–2004 DBF Ito et al. (2006) JP-Tef 2002 MF Takagi et al. (2009) JP-Tom 2001–2003 MF Hirata et al. (2007) NL-Hor 2005–2006 GRA Jacobs et al. (2007) NL-Loo 1997, 2001–2006 ENF Dolman et al. (2002) PL-Wet 2004–2005 WET Chojnicki et al. (2007) PT-Mi1 2005 EBF Pereira et al. (2007) PT-Mi2 2005–2006 GRA Pereira et al. (2007) RU-Fyo 1999–2006 ENF Kurbatova et al. (2008) SE-Deg 2002, 2004 WET Sagerfors et al. (2008) SE-Fla 1997–1998, 2002 ENF Lindroth et al. (2008) SE-Nor 1996–1997,1999 ENF Lagergren et al (2008) UK-Gri 1998, 2001 ENF Rebmann et al. (2005) UK-Ham 2004 DBF - UK-PL3 2005 DBF - US-ARM 2003–2004 CRO Fischer et al. (2007) US-Aud 2004–2005 GRA - US-Bar 2004–2005 DBF Jenkins et al. (2007) US-Bkg 2005–2006 GRA Gilmanov et al. (2005) US-Blo 2000–2003, 2005–2006 ENF Goldstein et al. (2000) US-Bn2 2003 DBF Liu et al. (2005) Continued S E PA R AT I O N O F N E E I N T O G P P A N D R E C O 207 r 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Global Change Biology, 16, 187–208 Table B1....

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  • ...…Granier et al. (2000) FR-LBr 1998 ENF Berbigier et al. (2001) FR-Lq1 2004–2005 GRA Gilmanov et al. (2007) FR-Lq2 2004 GRA Gilmanov et al. (2007) FR-Pue 2001–2006 EBF Rambal et al. (2004) GF-Guy 2004, 2006 EBF Bonal et al. (2008) HU-Bug 2006 GRA Nagy et al. (2007) HU-Mat 2006 GRA Pinter et al.…...

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  • ...The bias of the residuals with respect to VPD was reduced by estimating the temperature sensitivity with daytime data: in some sites (FR-Pue and DE-Hai) this bias was removed entirely....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a light use efficiency model, called EC-LUE, was developed by using only four variables: normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), air temperature, and the Bowen ratio of sensible to latent heat flux.

471 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An empirical equation is presented which yields an unbiased estimator of respiration rates over a wide range of temperatures and provides representative estimates of the seasonal cycle of net ecosystem productivity and its effects on atmospheric CO 2.
Abstract: From previously published measurements of soil respiration rate (R) and temperature (T) the goodness of fit of various R vs T relationships was evaluated. Exponential (Q 10 ) and conventional Arrhenius relationships between T and R cannot provide an unbiased estimate of respiration rate. Nor is a simple linear relationship appropriate. The relationship between R and T can, however, be accurately represented by an Arrhenius type equation where the effective activation energy for respiration varies inversely with temperature. An empirical equation is presented which yields an unbiased estimator of respiration rates over a wide range of temperatures. When combined with seasonal estimates of Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) the empirical relationship derived provides representative estimates of the seasonal cycle of net ecosystem productivity and its effects on atmospheric CO 2 (...)

3,615 citations


"The growth respiration component in..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Ecosystem respiration (Reco) is often modeled as a lumped variable related empirically to temperature (Lloyd & Taylor, 1994; Enquist et al., 2003), where drought is important to available soil water (Raich & Correspondence: S. Rambal, DREAM CEFE-CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex…...

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  • ...Ecosystem respiration (Reco) is often modeled as a lumped variable related empirically to temperature ( Lloyd & Taylor, 1994; Enquist et al., 2003), where drought is important to available soil water (Raich & Correspondence: S. Rambal, DREAM CEFE-CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, e-mail: rambal@cefe.cnrs-mop.fr Global Change Biology (2004) 10, 1460‐1469, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00819.x...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The FLUXNET project as mentioned in this paper is a global network of micrometeorological flux measurement sites that measure the exchanges of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy between the biosphere and atmosphere.
Abstract: FLUXNET is a global network of micrometeorological flux measurement sites that measure the exchanges of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy between the biosphere and atmosphere. At present over 140 sites are operating on a long-term and continuous basis. Vegetation under study includes temperate conifer and broadleaved (deciduous and evergreen) forests, tropical and boreal forests, crops, grasslands, chaparral, wetlands, and tundra. Sites exist on five continents and their latitudinal distribution ranges from 70°N to 30°S. FLUXNET has several primary functions. First, it provides infrastructure for compiling, archiving, and distributing carbon, water, and energy flux measurement, and meteorological, plant, and soil data to the science community. (Data and site information are available online at the FLUXNET Web site, http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/FLUXNET/.) Second, the project supports calibration and flux intercomparison activities. This activity ensures that data from the regional networks are intercomparable. And third, FLUXNET supports the synthesis, discussion, and communication of ideas and data by supporting project scientists, workshops, and visiting scientists. The overarching goal is to provide information for validating computations of net primary productivity, evaporation, and energy absorption that are being generated by sensors mounted on the NASA Terra satellite. Data being compiled by FLUXNET are being used to quantify and compare magnitudes and dynamics of annual ecosystem carbon and water balances, to quantify the response of stand-scale carbon dioxide and water vapor flux densities to controlling biotic and abiotic factors, and to validate a hierarchy of soil–plant–atmosphere trace gas exchange models. Findings so far include 1) net CO 2 exchange of temperate broadleaved forests increases by about 5.7 g C m −2 day −1 for each additional day that the growing season is extended; 2) the sensitivity of net ecosystem CO 2 exchange to sunlight doubles if the sky is cloudy rather than clear; 3) the spectrum of CO 2 flux density exhibits peaks at timescales of days, weeks, and years, and a spectral gap exists at the month timescale; 4) the optimal temperature of net CO 2 exchange varies with mean summer temperature; and 5) stand age affects carbon dioxide and water vapor flux densities.

3,162 citations


"The growth respiration component in..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...…of carbon dioxide flux using the eddy correlation technique is a remarkable tool for monitoring ecosystem metabolism and has greatly contributed to our understanding of how carbon assimilation and losses through respiration are partitioned among ecosystem compartments (Baldocchi et al., 2001)....

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Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors have described the measurement system and the procedure followed for the computation of the fluxes and procedure of flux summation, including data gap filling strategy, night flux corrections and error estimation.
Abstract: Publisher Summary The chapter has described the measurement system and the procedure followed for the computation of the fluxes and the procedure of flux summation, including data gap filling strategy, night flux corrections and error estimation. It begins with the introduction of estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests using the EUROFLUX methodology. The chapter then provides us with the theory and moves on to discuss the eddy covariance system and its sonic anemometer, temperature fluctuation measurements, infrared gas analyser, air transport system, and tower instrumentation. Additional measurements are also given in the chapter. Data acquisition and its computation and correction is discussed next in the chapter by giving its general procedure, half-hourly means (co-)variances and uncorrected fluxes, intercomparison of software, and correction for frequency response losses. The chapter has also discussed about quality control and four criteria are investigated here for the same. Spatial representativeness of measured fluxes and summation procedure are reviewed. The chapter then moves on to the discussion of data gap filling through interpolation and parameterization and neural networks. Corrections to night-time data and error estimation are also explored in the chapter. Finally, the chapter closes with conclusions.

1,870 citations


"The growth respiration component in..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The eddy flux measurements followed the general methodology and data quality check adopted in the European UE Programs Euroflux, Medeflu, and Carboeuroflux (for a thorough account of these methods, see Aubinet et al., 2000)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of different gap filling methods on the annual sum of net ecosystem exchange (F NEE ) responses is investigated, based on mean diurnal variation, look-up tables (LookUp), and nonlinear regressions (Regr).

1,717 citations


"The growth respiration component in..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...We compared night respiratory fluxes with the intercept of the light response curve as proposed by Falge et al. (2001)....

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