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The Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants
15 Aug 1992-
TL;DR: Chlorine: History, Manufacture, Properties, Hazards, and Uses Hypochlorination On-Site Generation of Chlorine Chemistry of chlorination Determination of CHlorine Residuals in Water and Wastewater Treatment Chlorification of Potable Water Chlorination of Wastewater Disinfection of wastewater Disinfections of wastewater chlorine facilities Design Dechlorination Operation and Maintenance of CHCLs and CHCL equipment as mentioned in this paper Chemical Design Bromine, Bromine Chloride, and Iodine Ultraviolet Radiation and AO x
Abstract: Chlorine: History, Manufacture, Properties, Hazards, and Uses Hypochlorination On-Site Generation of Chlorine Chemistry of Chlorination Determination of Chlorine Residuals in Water and Wastewater Treatment Chlorination of Potable Water Chlorination of Wastewater Disinfection of Wastewater Chlorine Facilities Design Dechlorination Operation and Maintenance of Chlorination and Dechlorination Equipment Chlorine Dioxide Ozone Ozone, Peroxone, and AO x Ps Ozone Facility Design Bromine, Bromine Chloride, and Iodine Ultraviolet Radiation and AO x Ps Appendices Index.
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TL;DR: The most commonly used desalination technologies are reverse osmosis (RO) and thermal processes such as multi-stage flash (MSF) and multi-effect distillation (MED) as mentioned in this paper.
1,708 citations
Cites background from "The Handbook of Chlorination and Al..."
...Liquid chlorine is generally used for withdrawal rates greater than 28 kg/h [77]....
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TL;DR: A number of alternatives for preservation of fresh-cut vegetables have been proposed, such as antioxidants, irradiation, ozone, organics acids, modified atmosphere packaging, whey permeate, etc as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The market sales of ready-to-use fresh vegetables have grown rapidly in recent decades as a result of changes in consumer attitudes, especially consumption of fresh-cut lettuce and carrot due to their use in prepared salads. Chlorine solutions have been widely used to sanitise fruit and vegetables in the fresh-cut industry. However, the association of chlorine with the possible formation of carcinogenic chlorinated compounds in water has called into question the use of chlorine in food processing. There is a real need to find alternatives for preservation of fresh-cut fruit and vegetables in order to improve the efficacy of washing treatments. Alternatives or modified methods have been proposed, as antioxidants, irradiation, ozone, organics acids, modified atmosphere packaging, whey permeate, etc.; however, none have yet gained widespread acceptance by the industry. For this reason the development of alternatives and markers in order to measure the efficacy of these alternatives are needed.
894 citations
Cites background from "The Handbook of Chlorination and Al..."
...In addition, it does not react with nitrogen-containing compounds or ammonia to form dangerous chloramines compounds (White, 1992)....
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...When compared to chlorine, ozone has a greater effect against certain microorganisms and rapidly decomposes to oxygen, leaving no residues (White, 1992)....
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TL;DR: Conventional physicochemical models and cell appendage-mediated cell adhesion are reviewed and state-of-the-art technologies for controlling microbial adhesion and biofilm formation are described.
642 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated conventional drinking water treatment processes under typical water treatment plant conditions to determine their effectiveness in the removal of seven common antibiotics: carbadox, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamerazine, sul-famethazine and trimethoprim.
Abstract: Conventional drinking water treatment processes were evaluated under typical water treatment plant conditions to determine their effectiveness in the removal of seven common antibiotics: carbadox, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamerazine, sul- famethazine, sulfathiazole, and trimethoprim. Experiments were conducted using synthetic solutions prepared by spiking both distilled/ deionized water and Missouri River water with the studied compounds. Sorption on Calgon WPH powdered activated carbon, reverse osmosis, and oxidation with chlorine and ozone under typical plant conditions were all shown to be effective in removing the studied antibiotics. Conversely, coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation with alum and iron salts, excess lime/soda ash softening, ultraviolet irra- diation at disinfection dosages, and ion exchange were all relatively ineffective methods of antibiotic removal. This study shows that the studied antibiotics could be effectively removed using processes already in use in many water treatment plants. Additional work is needed on by-product formation and the removal of other classes of antibiotics.
602 citations
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: There is now conclusive evidence that simple, acceptable, low-cost interventions at the household and community level are capable of dramatically improving the microbial quality of household stored water and reducing the attendant risks of diarrheal disease and death.
Abstract: This document is not issued to the general public and all rights are reserved by the World Health Organization. The document may not be reviewed, abstracted, quoted, reproduced or translated, in part or in whole, without the prior written permission of WHO. No part of this document may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical or other without the prior written permission of WHO. The views expressed in documents by named authors are solely the responsibility of those authors. (or The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this document) FOREWORD Around 2.2 million die of basic hygiene related diseases, like diarrhoea, every year. The great majority are children in developing countries. Interventions in hygiene, sanitation and water supply make proven contributors to controlling this disease burden. For decades, universal access to safe water and sanitation has been promoted as an essential step in reducing this preventable disease burden Nevertheless the target " universal access " to improved water sources and basic sanitation remains elusive. The " Millenium Declaration " established the lesser but still ambitious goal of halving the proportion of people without access to safe water by 2015. Achieving " universal access " is an important long-term goal. How to accelerate health gains against this long-term backdrop and especially amongst the most affected populations is an important challenge. There is now conclusive evidence that simple, acceptable, low-cost interventions at the household and community level are capable of dramatically improving the microbial quality of household stored water and reducing the attendant risks of diarrheal disease and death. Many different water collection and storage systems and strategies have been developed, described and evaluated on the basis of various criteria for household and community use in developed and developing countries. A variety of physical and chemical treatment methods to improve the microbial quality of water are available and many have been tested and implemented to varying extents in developed and developing countries. Some of these water treatment and storage systems have been tested under controlled conditions in the laboratory and implemented in field to evaluate their ability to produce drinking water of acceptable microbiological quality and to maintain this quality during storage and use. Some of them also have been evaluated in the field for their ability to reduce diarrheal and other waterborne diseases among users. Because of …
514 citations