The Human Condition.
TL;DR: In some religious traditions, the myth of the ‘Fall from the Garden of Eden’ symbolizes the loss of the primordial state through the veiling of higher consciousness.
Abstract: Human beings are described by many spiritual traditions as ‘blind’ or ‘asleep’ or ‘in a dream.’ These terms refers to the limited attenuated state of consciousness of most human beings caught up in patterns of conditioned thought, feeling and perception, which prevent the development of our latent, higher spiritual possibilities. In the words of Idries Shah: “Man, like a sleepwalker who suddenly ‘comes to’ on some lonely road has in general no correct idea as to his origins or his destiny.” In some religious traditions, such as Christianity and Islam, the myth of the ‘Fall from the Garden of Eden’ symbolizes the loss of the primordial state through the veiling of higher consciousness. Other traditions use similar metaphors to describe the spiritual condition of humanity:
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Dissertation•
27 Feb 2018
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the mechanism related to the logic of citizenship that dismisses political agency of those who do not count as political subjects and makes them into what they refer to as "citizen outsiders".
Abstract: Conventionally citizenship has been understood as membership in nation states requiring certain rights and providing certain entitlements. Over the last twenty years, critical perspectives asserted that citizenship is not merely membership, let alone membership of a state. It is now argued that historically and theoretically citizenship involves a distinction between an outside and inside and often its boundaries become the sites of social struggle. Critical perspectives on citizenship invite us to think of citizenship as processes by which political subjectivity, understood as the right to make claims to rights, can be recognised and enacted. As these perspectives allow us to think critically about citizenship beyond membership and the nation state, in this thesis I focus first on the mechanism related to the logic of citizenship that dismisses political agency of those who do not count as political subjects and makes them into what I refer to as ‘citizen outsiders’. Second, I draw on critical perspectives on citizenship and ethnographic methods to examine how Romanian Roma in an East London borough, who are discursively constituted as lacking capacities to act as citizens, contest the ways they are problematised. By focusing on their everyday life struggles as acts of citizenship, I argue that Roma in London do make claims to rights and, in doing so, enact themselves as citizens. Finally I draw conclusions about the ways Roma are problematised and how Roma disrupt these positioning with various acts of citizenship.
37 citations
Cites background or result from "The Human Condition."
...5 ‘The Right to have Rights’ When drawing on Arendt’s (1968) concept of ‘the right to have rights’, it is key to understand that Arendt was writing in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War and with personal experience of statelessness (Arendt, 2007). For Arendt (1968), the addressee of the claim that one should be acknowledged as a member is humanity itself....
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...Being pushed aside into apparent invisibility is a denial of what Hannah Arendt (1968) termed the ‘right to have rights’ and a denial whose possible contestation I want to explore. The current situation of Roma in Europe that I described, demonstrates that rights and claiming these rights do not seem to be accessible for everyone in full. Here we encounter another problem. Contrary to T.H. Marshall’s argument (1950), which I discuss in more detail later on, having formal and substantive citizenship status does not seem enough to be recognised as a political subject....
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...15 mutually equal rights’ (Arendt, 1968, p. 301). Arguably, the situation of Roma, as EU citizens, is different than the one Arendt described when writing about the political in the wake of Nazi destruction. Yet, thinking about the political that seems limited to the public sphere and agency that is currently denied to some people without access to this public has urged me to reflect about whether and how Roma may make claims to rights. In other words, important to my thesis are the questions of how the mechanisms of citizenship, as they developed so far, underpin the situation of Roma in Europe and how Roma in London challenge these conceptions of citizenship by making claims to rights. If we take these described ruptures that are entailed in the conception of citizenship into consideration, we can better understand the circumstances in which the presence of Roma is discursively constituted as ‘wrong’ (McGarry, 2010) and in which Roma are reduced to citizen outsiders. In the British media, especially Eastern European Roma, are not only problematised as economic migrants in the ‘hope of gain’ but as people whose presence is undesired, who are dismissed in their right to exist and who should be ‘kept out’ (Clark and Campbell, 2000; Matras, 2000; Turner, 2002; Guy, 2003). Their presence and even potential migration within the EU tends to be constituted as an attempt to blur established citizenship boundaries altogether. In practice, various individuals and groups are seen to not fit into the modern conception of membership and belonging and the idea of the citizen as a figure of the political. This other, unfitting, marginalised, subaltern figure of the political is not recognised in its ways to claim rights and its autonomy to make decisions. Ingrained assumptions about what constitutes a ‘normal’ way of life and legal principles, sedentarist discourses, bureaucratic agencies and occasionally paternalistic social care, work together to construct a deviant minoritised figure, which disturbs the modern public social order and is therefore dismissed as a ‘legitimate’ citizen. While Europe proclaims equality to all its citizens, this discourse establishes institutions, and, as Bancroft (2005) observes, through this, it clearly limits itself in allowing for ‘othering’...
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...174 as discussed in Chapter Two, the guarantor of what Arendt termed the ‘right to have rights’ (1968). Instead, the analysis of the diverse media and policy discourses suggests that persecution, criminalisation and victimisation of Roma seems written into policy making, media representation, humanitarian actions, struggle against human trafficking, concepts of social (re-) integration or rehabilitation, police preventions, prosecution and penalties. Dal Lago (2009) goes so far as to refer to non-citizens as non-persons, thus similar to what the above analysis of the discourses on Eastern European Roma in the UK shows....
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...Using the concept of acts of citizenship enables me to investigate citizenship in an alternative manner: as those moments in which subjects, regardless of their status, constitute themselves as citizens, or those to whom the right to have rights is due (Arendt, 1958; Balibar, 2004; Rancière, 2004; Isin and Nielsen, 2008)....
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DOI•
01 Jan 2015TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a case study of inclusion in international criminal justice in the context of global governance, focusing on the role of representative claim-making and collective decision-making.
Abstract: ......................................................................................................................................... ii Preface ........................................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ...........................................................................................................................v List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. x List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... xi Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... xiii Dedication ..................................................................................................................................... xv Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................1 1.1 The Problem: Global Governance in a Democratic Era ..................................................... 3 1.2 Beyond Utopia? Democracy and Inclusion in International Relations ............................... 8 1.3 The Approach: Concept Development, Empirical Analysis and Situated Study .............. 11 1.4 The Argument: Justification and Prospects for Inclusion in Global Politics .................... 14 1.5 The Case Study: Victim Inclusion in International Criminal Justice ............................... 18 1.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 21 Chapter 2: Justice and Democracy in an Interdependent World ...........................................24 2.1 Justice and Inclusion ......................................................................................................... 28 2.2 Inclusion and the Demos Problem in a Globalized World ............................................... 32 What rules should be made democratically? ........................................................................ 33 What kind of group or “people” can act democratically? ..................................................... 37 What influence should people have over collective rules? ................................................... 42 Conclusions on the demos problem: maximizing inclusion in global politics ..................... 45 2.3 From Demoi to Democratic Systems ................................................................................ 51 vi Empowering inclusion .......................................................................................................... 52 Collective will-formation ...................................................................................................... 53 Collective decision-making .................................................................................................. 54 Implications of a systemic approach ..................................................................................... 55 2.4 Global Governance and Democracy in the Global Political System ................................ 56 Democratic developments in the global political system ..................................................... 57 Empowering inclusion .......................................................................................................... 58 Communication and collective will-formation ..................................................................... 60 Collective decision-making .................................................................................................. 61 2.5 Communities of Shared Fate and Global Governance ...................................................... 62 2.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 64 Chapter 3: Representation and Mediated Inclusion ................................................................66 3.1 Representation and Mediated Inclusion ............................................................................ 69 Beyond the standard account of political representation ...................................................... 73 3.2 Representative Claim-Making .......................................................................................... 76 Speaking for .......................................................................................................................... 77 Speaking about ...................................................................................................................... 79 Speaking as ........................................................................................................................... 80 Competing claims by representatives ................................................................................... 82 3.3 Opportunities for Advocacy .............................................................................................. 84 3.4 Publicity ............................................................................................................................ 87 3.5 The Role of Representation in Constructing Constituencies ............................................ 91 Challenges of constructivist representation .......................................................................... 93 3.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 96 Chapter 4: Including Intended Beneficiaries in Global Governance: Trends and Challenges .................................................................................................................................98 4.1 The Intended Beneficiaries of Global Governance ......................................................... 102 Constructing governance, constructing intended beneficiaries .......................................... 105 4.2 Who Can Represent Intended Beneficiaries? ................................................................. 109 vii Conceptualizing representation: speaking for, as and about ............................................... 111 When are NGOs good representatives? .............................................................................. 115 Looking beyond NGOs for representation of intended beneficiaries ................................. 118 Representation and authority .............................................................................................. 123 Final observations ............................................................................................................... 126 4.3 Can Representatives for Intended Beneficiaries Influence Global Governance DecisionMaking? .......................................................................................................................... 126 Access by non-state actors to global governance decision-making .................................... 127 Arguing and bargaining in global governance .................................................................... 133 Final observations ............................................................................................................... 137 4.4 Publicity: Global Governance Transparency and Public Awareness ............................. 138 Transparency and confidentiality ........................................................................................ 139 Public awareness by intended beneficiaries ........................................................................ 143 4.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 145 Chapter 5: From Victors’ Justice to Victims’ Justice? The Creation of the International Criminal Court .......................................................................................................................149 5.1 Humanity’s Justice, Victor’s Justice, Victims’ Justice ................................................... 152 5.2 Constructing and Including “Victims” in International Criminal Justice ....................... 157 Constituting “victims” and mobilizing authority ................................................................ 157 Victim inclusion in multiple sites of decision-making ....................................................... 161 5.3 Negotiating the Rome Statute: A Constitutional Moment for International Criminal Justice and Victims ......................................................................................................... 166 The road to Rome ............................................................................................................... 168 Victims’ issues in the negotiations ..................................................................................... 170 5.4 Representing Victims: Actors and Representative Claims ............................................. 176 Victims’ Rights Working Group (VRWG) ......................................................................... 178 Women’s Caucus for Gender Justice (Women’s Caucus) .................................................. 180 State officials as victims’ advocates ................................................................................... 183 Challenges of representing future victims .......................................................................... 185
37 citations
TL;DR: The past two decades of tourism research have seen a growing interest in the relationship between tourism and justice as discussed by the authors and some of this attention has focused on the just or unjust outcomes of mainstrea...
Abstract: The past two decades of tourism research have seen a growing interest in the relationship between tourism and justice. Some of this attention has focused on the just or unjust outcomes of mainstrea...
37 citations
Cites background from "The Human Condition."
...Accordingly, as our analyzes will show, the theoretical development of justice tourism must be situated in political responsibility, as conceived by scholars such as Arendt (1958) and Haiki (2018), and the posthumanist affirmative ethics put forward by...
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01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: The Providing Opportunities for Joy Liston (2001) uses the metaphor of Joy to symbolize the convergence of knowledge, curricular fields, human spirit, and community.
Abstract: concrete. Because an intuitive curriculum engenders a variety of individual interests among many students in the same milieu, it is hoped that this exposure to divergence demonstrates open-mindedness and consideration. That is, that students embrace resonance in learning, but realize the learning process is never concluded and to beware of the antipodal certainty that is also found in racism, stereotyping, and dogmatism. Providing Opportunities for Joy Liston (2001) uses the metaphor of Joy to symbolize the convergence of knowledge, curricular fields, human spirit, and community. She goes beyond the simple definition of joy as happiness to include the notions of possibility and compassion (p. 21).
36 citations
DOI•
01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: This article present a history of dialogue in the classroom, from early recitation practices to the era of the teacher as a "sage on the stage", the subsequent role of a participating observer or "guide on the side, and more refined teacher roles as well as sharper definitions of discussion and dialogical practices.
Abstract: Unearthing the Tubers and Shoots of Thought, Talk, and Praxis: A Historiography of Classroom Discourse in Theory and Practice Christian George Gregory This dissertation submits as its project a history of dialogue in the classroom, from early recitation practices to the era of the teacher as a “sage on the stage,” the subsequent role of a participating observer or “guide on the side,” and more refined teacher roles as well as sharper definitions of discussion and dialogical practices (King, 1993, p. 30). For this research, I adopted a conceptual methodology, using Foucault’s critique and Deleuze and Guattari’s assemblages and rhizomic structures, to inform the mapping and dynamic of the historiography. In terms of practical methodology, I collected over 650 theoretical, empirical, and instructional works related to forms of classroom discourse. By mapping the territory of research on discourse in the English classroom, this work noted trends in the method, manner, and focus of research. Several critical shifts might be suggested regarding theory, research, and practice in relation to dialogue: in practice, first, a shift from quantitative, monological positions to more dialogical, polyphonic stances; and second, from research examining teacher questioning and evaluation to that focused on student responsiveness. In theory and research, this review suggested several noticeable trends in research methods: first, that classroom practice lags behind the theoretical imagining of the dialogical; second, that scholars have increasingly relied on Mikhail Bakhtin’s theories in the pedagogical frames of their research on discourse in the classroom; and third, that scholarship has shown a greater interest in international sites of study. Overall, although scholars have made strides in conceptualizing the dialogical classroom, greater interventionist studies and instructional works are needed to bridge the gap between theory and practice.
36 citations
References
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Book•
[...]
27 Mar 2015
TL;DR: In this article, a series of meditations on life, ground, weather, walking, imagination and what it means to be human are presented, with a focus on the life of lines.
Abstract: To live, every being must put out a line, and in life these lines tangle with one another. This book is a study of the life of lines. Following on from Tim Ingold's groundbreaking work Lines: A Brief History, it offers a wholly original series of meditations on life, ground, weather, walking, imagination and what it means to be human.
In the first part, Ingold argues that a world of life is woven from knots, and not built from blocks as commonly thought. He shows how the principle of knotting underwrites both the way things join with one another, in walls, buildings and bodies, and the composition of the ground and the knowledge we find there.
In the second part, Ingold argues that to study living lines, we must also study the weather. To complement a linealogy that asks what is common to walking, weaving, observing, singing, storytelling and writing, he develops a meteorology that seeks the common denominator of breath, time, mood, sound, memory, colour and the sky. This denominator is the atmosphere.
In the third part, Ingold carries the line into the domain of human life. He shows that for life to continue, the things we do must be framed within the lives we undergo. In continually answering to one another, these lives enact a principle of correspondence that is fundamentally social.
This compelling volume brings our thinking about the material world refreshingly back to life. While anchored in anthropology, the book ranges widely over an interdisciplinary terrain that includes philosophy, geography, sociology, art and architecture.
410 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the fact that gender equality and women empowerment have been eviscerated of conceptual and political bite compromises their use as the primary frame through which to demand rights and justice.
Abstract: The language of ‘gender equality’ and ‘women’s empowerment’ was mobilised by feminists in the 1980s and 1990s as a way of getting women’s rights onto the international development agenda. Their efforts can be declared a resounding success. The international development industry has fully embraced these terms. From international NGOs to donor governments to multilateral agencies the language of gender equality and women’s empowerment is a pervasive presence and takes pride of place among their major development priorities. And yet, this article argues, the fact that these terms have been eviscerated of conceptual and political bite compromises their use as the primary frame through which to demand rights and justice. Critically examining the trajectories of these terms in development, the article suggests that if the promise of the post-2015 agenda is to deliver on gender justice, new frames are needed, which can connect with and contribute to a broader movement for global justice.
271 citations
TL;DR: A network simulation model used to study a possible relationship between echo chambers and the viral spread of misinformation finds an “echo chamber effect”: the presence of an opinion and network polarized cluster of nodes in a network contributes to the diffusion of complex contagions.
Abstract: The viral spread of digital misinformation has become so severe that the World Economic Forum considers it among the main threats to human society This spread have been suggested to be related to the similarly problematized phenomenon of “echo chambers”, but the causal nature of this relationship has proven difficult to disentangle due to the connected nature of social media, whose causality is characterized by complexity, non-linearity and emergence This paper uses a network simulation model to study a possible relationship between echo chambers and the viral spread of misinformation It finds an “echo chamber effect”: the presence of an opinion and network polarized cluster of nodes in a network contributes to the diffusion of complex contagions, and there is a synergetic effect between opinion and network polarization on the virality of misinformation The echo chambers effect likely comes from that they form the initial bandwagon for diffusion These findings have implication for the study of the media logic of new social media
223 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a mediation model to explain the relationship between CEO humility and firm performance and found that when a more humble CEO leads a firm, its top management team is more likely to collaborate, share information, jointly make decisions, and possess a shared vision.
215 citations
TL;DR: The turn to the study of antibiotic resistance in microbiology and medicine is examined, focusing on the realization that individual therapies targeted at single pathogens in individual bodies are environmental events affecting bacterial evolution far beyond bodies.
Abstract: Beginning in the 1940s, mass production of antibiotics involved the industrialscale growth of microorganisms to harvest their metabolic products. Unfortunately, the use of antibiotics selects for resistance at answering scale. The turn to the study of antibiotic resistance in microbiology and medicine is examined, focusing on the realization that individual therapies targeted at single pathogens in individual bodies are environmental events affecting bacterial evolution far beyond bodies. In turning to biological manifestations of antibiotic use, sciences fathom material outcomes of their own previous concepts. Archival work with stored soil and clinical samples produces a record described here as ‘the biology of history’: the physical registration of human history in bacterial life. This account thus foregrounds the importance of understanding both the materiality of history and the historicity of matter in theories and concepts of life today.
204 citations