The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart

doi:10.18814/EPIIUGS/2013/V36I3/002

Home
/
Papers
/
The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart

Journal Article•DOI•

The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart

Kim M. Cohen¹, S.C. Finney², Philip L. Gibbard³, Junxuan Fan•Institutions (3)

Utrecht University¹, California State University, Long Beach², University of Cambridge³

01 Sep 2013-Episodes (International Union of Geological Sciences)-Vol. 36, Iss: 3, pp 199-204

TL;DR: The International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) has a long tradition of producing international charts that communicate higher-order divisions of geological time and actual knowledge on the absolute numerical ages of their boundaries as mentioned in this paper.

read less

Abstract: The International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) has a long tradition of producing international charts that communicate higher-order divisions of geological time and actual knowledge on the absolute numerical ages of their boundaries. The primary objective of ICS is to define precisely a global standard set of time-correlative units (Systems, Series, and Stages) for stratigraphic successions worldwide. These units are, in turn, the basis for the Periods, Epochs and Ages of the Geological Time Scale. Setting an international global standard is fundamental for expressing geological knowledge. It is also of considerable pragmatic importance as it provides the framework through which regional-scale higher-resolution divisions can be linked, equated and collated. This is a status update on the International Chronostratigraphic Chart and the ICS website www.stratigraphy.org.

...read moreread less

Citations

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Journal Article•DOI•

Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds

[...]

Erich D. Jarvis¹, Siavash Mirarab², Andre J. Aberer³, Bo Li⁴, Bo Li⁵, Bo Li⁶, Peter Houde⁷, Cai Li⁶, Cai Li⁵, Simon Y. W. Ho⁸, Brant C. Faircloth⁹, Benoit Nabholz, Jason T. Howard¹, Alexander Suh¹⁰, Claudia C. Weber¹⁰, Rute R. da Fonseca¹¹, Jianwen Li, Fang Zhang Zhang, Hui Li, Long Zhou, Nitish Narula⁷, Nitish Narula¹², Liang Liu¹³, Ganesh Ganapathy¹, Bastien Boussau, Shamsuzzoha Bayzid², Volodymyr Zavidovych¹, Sankar Subramanian¹⁴, Toni Gabaldón¹⁵, Salvador Capella-Gutierrez, Jaime Huerta-Cepas, Bhanu Rekepalli¹⁶, Bhanu Rekepalli¹⁷, Kasper Munch¹⁸, Mikkel H. Schierup¹⁸, Bent E. K. Lindow¹¹, Wesley C. Warren¹⁹, David A. Ray, Richard E. Green²⁰, Michael William Bruford²¹, Xiangjiang Zhan²¹, Xiangjiang Zhan²², Andrew Dixon, Shengbin Li⁴, Ning Li²³, Yinhua Huang²³, Elizabeth P. Derryberry²⁴, Elizabeth P. Derryberry²⁵, Mads F. Bertelsen²⁶, Frederick H. Sheldon²⁴, Robb T. Brumfield²⁴, Claudio V. Mello²⁷, Claudio V. Mello²⁸, Peter V. Lovell²⁸, Morgan Wirthlin²⁸, Maria Paula Cruz Schneider²⁷, Francisco Prosdocimi²⁷, José Alfredo Samaniego¹¹, Amhed Missael Vargas Velazquez¹¹, Alonzo Alfaro-Núñez¹¹, Paula F. Campos¹¹, Bent O. Petersen²⁹, Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén²⁹, An Pas, Thomas L. Bailey, R. Paul Scofield³⁰, Michael Bunce³¹, David M. Lambert¹⁴, Qi Zhou, Polina L. Perelman³², Amy C. Driskell³³, Beth Shapiro²⁰, Zijun Xiong, Yongli Zeng, Shiping Liu, Zhenyu Li, Binghang Liu, Kui Wu, Jin Xiao, Xiong Yinqi, Quiemei Zheng, Yong Zhang, Huanming Yang, Jian Wang, Linnéa Smeds¹⁰, Frank E. Rheindt³⁴, Michael J. Braun³⁵, Jon Fjeldså¹¹, Ludovic Orlando¹¹, F. Keith Barker⁶, Knud A. Jønsson⁶, Warren E. Johnson³³, Klaus-Peter Koepfli³³, Stephen J. O'Brien³⁶, David Haussler, Oliver A. Ryder, Carsten Rahbek⁶, Eske Willerslev¹¹, Gary R. Graves³³, Gary R. Graves⁶, Travis C. Glenn¹³, John E. McCormack³⁷, Dave Burt³⁸, Hans Ellegren¹⁰, Per Alström, Scott V. Edwards³⁹, Alexandros Stamatakis³, David P. Mindell⁴⁰, Joel Cracraft⁶, Edward L. Braun⁴¹, Tandy Warnow², Tandy Warnow⁴², Wang Jun, M. Thomas P. Gilbert³¹, M. Thomas P. Gilbert⁶, Guojie Zhang¹¹, Guojie Zhang⁵ - Show less +113 more•Institutions (42)

Duke University¹, University of Texas at Austin², Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies³, Xi'an Jiaotong University⁴, Beijing Genomics Institute⁵, American Museum of Natural History⁶, New Mexico State University⁷, University of Sydney⁸, University of California⁹, Uppsala University¹⁰, University of Copenhagen¹¹, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology¹², University of Georgia¹³, Griffith University¹⁴, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies¹⁵, Oak Ridge National Laboratory¹⁶, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research¹⁷, Aarhus University¹⁸, Washington University in St. Louis¹⁹, University of California, Santa Cruz²⁰, Cardiff University²¹, Kunming Institute of Zoology²², China Agricultural University²³, Louisiana State University²⁴, Tulane University²⁵, Copenhagen Zoo²⁶, Federal University of Pará²⁷, Oregon Health & Science University²⁸, Technical University of Denmark²⁹, Canterbury Museum³⁰, Curtin University³¹, Novosibirsk State University³², Smithsonian Institution³³, National University of Singapore³⁴, National Museum of Natural History³⁵, Nova Southeastern University³⁶, Occidental College³⁷, University of Edinburgh³⁸, Harvard University³⁹, University of California, San Francisco⁴⁰, University of Florida⁴¹, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign⁴²

12 Dec 2014-Science

TL;DR: A genome-scale phylogenetic analysis of 48 species representing all orders of Neoaves recovered a highly resolved tree that confirms previously controversial sister or close relationships and identifies the first divergence in Neoaves, two groups the authors named Passerea and Columbea.

...read moreread less

Abstract: To better determine the history of modern birds, we performed a genome-scale phylogenetic analysis of 48 species representing all orders of Neoaves using phylogenomic methods created to handle genome-scale data. We recovered a highly resolved tree that confirms previously controversial sister or close relationships. We identified the first divergence in Neoaves, two groups we named Passerea and Columbea, representing independent lineages of diverse and convergently evolved land and water bird species. Among Passerea, we infer the common ancestor of core landbirds to have been an apex predator and confirm independent gains of vocal learning. Among Columbea, we identify pigeons and flamingoes as belonging to sister clades. Even with whole genomes, some of the earliest branches in Neoaves proved challenging to resolve, which was best explained by massive protein-coding sequence convergence and high levels of incomplete lineage sorting that occurred during a rapid radiation after the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction event about 66 million years ago.

...read moreread less

1,624 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal

[...]

Jan Zalasiewicz¹, Colin N. Waters², Mark Williams¹, Anthony D. Barnosky³, Alejandro Cearreta⁴, Paul J. Crutzen⁵, Erle C. Ellis⁶, Michael A. Ellis², Ian J. Fairchild⁷, Jacques Grinevald, Peter K. Haff⁸, Irka Hajdas⁹, Reinhold Leinfelder¹⁰, John Robert McNeill¹¹, Eric O. Odada¹², Clément Poirier¹³, Daniel Richter⁸, Will Steffen¹⁴, Colin Summerhayes¹⁵, James P. M. Syvitski¹⁶, Davor Vidas¹⁷, Michael Wagreich¹⁸, Scott L. Wing¹⁹, Alexander P. Wolfe²⁰, Zhisheng An²¹, Naomi Oreskes²² - Show less +22 more•Institutions (22)

University of Leicester¹, British Geological Survey², University of California, Berkeley³, University of the Basque Country⁴, Max Planck Society⁵, University of Maryland, Baltimore County⁶, University of Birmingham⁷, Duke University⁸, ETH Zurich⁹, Free University of Berlin¹⁰, Georgetown University¹¹, University of Nairobi¹², University of Caen Lower Normandy¹³, Australian National University¹⁴, Scott Polar Research Institute¹⁵, University of Colorado Boulder¹⁶, Fridtjof Nansen Institute¹⁷, University of Vienna¹⁸, American Museum of Natural History¹⁹, University of Alberta²⁰, Chinese Academy of Sciences²¹, Harvard University²²

05 Oct 2015-Quaternary International

TL;DR: In this article, the boundary of the Anthropocene geological time interval as an epoch is defined as the time of the first nuclear bomb explosion, on July 16th 1945 at Alamogordo, New Mexico; additional bombs were detonated at the average rate of one every 9.6 days until 1988 with attendant worldwide fallout easily identifiable in the chemostratigraphic record.

...read moreread less

472 citations

Cites background from "The ICS International Chronostratig..."

...74-100/D, 12249 Berlin, Germany l Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA m Department of Geology, University of Nairobi, Kenya n Morphodynamique Continentale et Côti ere, Universit e de Caen Basse Normandie, CNRS, 24 rue des Tilleuls, F-14000 Caen, France o Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA p The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia q Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1ER, UK r University of Colorado-Boulder Campus, Box 545, Boulder, CO 80309-0545, USA s Marine Affairs and Law of the Sea Programme, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Norway t Department of Geodynamics and Sedimentology, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria u Dept. of Paleobiology, NHB121, PO Box 37012, Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA v Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada w The Institute of the Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10 Fenghui South Road, Xi'an High-Tech Zone, Xi'an 710075, China x Department of the History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Available online xxx Keywords: Anthropocene Stratigraphy GSSP GSSA * Corresponding author....
[...]
...Following initial consideration by the Stratigraphy Commission of the Geological Society of London (Zalasiewicz et al., 2008), it is now being formally examined as a potential new unit within the International Chronostratigraphic Chart by an Anthropocene Working Group of the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, in turn a component body of the International Commission on Stratigraphy....
[...]
...The International Chronostratigraphic Chart of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (Cohen et al., 2013, updated) is essentially the same as the Geological Time Scale as widely icz, J., et al., When did the ational (2014), http://dx.doi.o understood....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

An optimized scheme of lettered marine isotope substages for the last 1.0 million years, and the climatostratigraphic nature of isotope stages and substages

[...]

L. Bruce Railsback¹, Philip L. Gibbard², Martin J. Head³, Ny Riavo G. Voarintsoa¹, Samuel Toucanne⁴ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (4)

University of Georgia¹, University of Cambridge², Brock University³, IFREMER⁴

01 Mar 2015-Quaternary Science Reviews

TL;DR: In this paper, a complete and optimized scheme of lettered marine isotope substages spanning the last 1.0 million years is proposed, based on the LR04 stack of marine benthic oxygen isotope records, and thus it is grounded in a continuous record responsive largely to changes in ice volume that are inherently global.

...read moreread less

408 citations

Cites background from "The ICS International Chronostratig..."

...…(before 1940) 77 The concept of stages as deposits representing intervals of time, which are formally 78 known as “ages ” (Salvador, 1994), in Pleistocene history (e.g., Cohen et al. 2013) derives 79 from named stages, such as Wisconsin and Kansan (Geikie, 1894; Chamberlin 1895) (Table 80 1)....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Assembly of the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes in central Tibet by divergent double subduction

[...]

Di-Cheng Zhu¹, Shi Min Li¹, Peter A. Cawood², Peter A. Cawood³, Qing Wang¹, Zhidan Zhao¹, Sheng-Ao Liu¹, Li-Quan Wang - Show less +4 more•Institutions (3)

China University of Geosciences (Beijing)¹, University of Western Australia², University of St Andrews³

15 Feb 2016-Lithos

TL;DR: In this article, the Bangong Ocean may have closed during the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous (most likely ca. 140-130 ǫ) through arc-arc "soft" collision rather than continent-continent "hard" collision.

...read moreread less

391 citations

Book•

Earth History and Palaeogeography

[...]

Trond H. Torsvik¹, L. Robin M. Cocks²•Institutions (2)

University of Oslo¹, Natural History Museum²

16 Jan 2017

TL;DR: Using full-colour palaeogeographical maps from the Cambrian to the present, this interdisciplinary volume explains how plate motions and surface volcanism are linked to processes in the Earth's mantle, and to climate change and the evolution of Earth's biota.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Using full-colour palaeogeographical maps from the Cambrian to the present, this interdisciplinary volume explains how plate motions and surface volcanism are linked to processes in the Earth's mantle, and to climate change and the evolution of the Earth's biota. These new and very detailed maps provide a complete and integrated Phanerozoic story of palaeogeography. They illustrate the development of all the major mountain-building orogenies. Old lands, seas, ice caps, volcanic regions, reefs, and coal beds are highlighted on the maps, as well as faunal and floral provinces. Many other original diagrams show sections from the Earth's core, through the mantle, and up to the lithosphere, and how Large Igneous Provinces are generated, helping to understand how plates have appeared, moved, and vanished through time. Supplementary resources are available online, making this an invaluable reference for researchers, graduate students, professional geoscientists and anyone interested in the geological history of the Earth.

...read moreread less

361 citations

1
2
3
4
…
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200

Collapse

References

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Book•

A Geologic time scale

[...]

W. B. Harland

01 Jan 1982

4,055 citations

Book•DOI•

A Geologic Time Scale 2004

[...]

Felix M. Gradstein, James G. Ogg, Alan G. Smith

01 Jan 2004

TL;DR: Gradstein et al. as discussed by the authors proposed a chronostratigraphy approach for linking time and rock in the context of geologic time scales, including the geomagnetic polarity time scale and stable isotope geochronology.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Part I. Introduction: 1. Introduction F. M. Gradstein 2. Chronostratigraphy - linking time and rock F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg and A. G. Smith Part II. Concepts and Methods: 3. Biostratigraphy F. M. Gradstein, R. A. Cooper and P. M. Sadler 4. Earth's orbital parameters and cycle stratigraphy L. A. Hinnov 5. The geomagnetic polarity time scale J. G. Ogg and A. G. Smith 6. Radiogenic isotope geochronology M. Villeneuve 7. Stable isotopes J. M. McArthur and R. J. Howarth 8. Geomathematics F. P. Agterberg Part III. Geologic Periods: 9. The Precambrian: the Archaen and Proterozoic eons L. J. Robb, A. H. Knoll, K. A. Plumb, G. A. Shields, H. Strauss and J. Veizer 10. Toward a 'natural' Precambrian time scale W. Bleeker 11. The Cambrian period J. H. Shergold and R. A. Cooper 12. The Ordovician period R. A. Cooper and P. M. Sadler 13. The Silurian period M. J. Melchin, R. A. Cooper and P. M. Sadler 14. The Devonian period M. R. House and F. M. Gradstein 15. The Carboniferous period V. Davydov, B. R. Wardlaw and F. M. Gradstein 16. The Permian period B. R. Wardlaw, V. Davydov and F. M. Gradstein 17. The Triassic period J. G. Ogg 18. The Jurassic period J. G. Ogg 19. The Cretaceous Period J. G. Ogg, F. P. Agterberg and F. M. Gradstein 20. The Paleogene period H. P. Luterbacher, J. R. Ali, H. Brinkhuis, F. M. Gradstein, J. J. Hooker, S. Monechi, J. G. Ogg, J. Powell, U. Rohl, A. Sanfilippo, and B. Schmitz 21. The Neogene period L. Lourens, F. Hilgen, N. J. Shackleton, J. Laskar and D. Wilson 22. The Pleistocene and Holocene epochs P. Gibbard and T. van Kolfschoten Part IV. Summary: 23. Construction and summary of the geologic time scale F. M.. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg and A. G. Smith Appendices Bibliography Stratigraphic index General index.

...read moreread less

2,890 citations

Book•

The Concise Geologic Time Scale

[...]

James G. Ogg, Gabi M. Ogg, Felix M. Gradstein

01 Sep 2008

TL;DR: For a detailed discussion of the international divisions of geologic time, see as discussed by the authors, where the authors present the standard colors for the international division of geology time scales in detail.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Introduction Planetary time scale Precambrian period Cambrian period Ordovician period Silurian period Devonian period Carboniferous period Permian period Triassic period Jurassic period Cretaceous period Paleogene period Neogene period Quaternary period Appendix Standard colors of the international divisions of geologic time References Index

...read moreread less

1,155 citations

"The ICS International Chronostratig..." refers background in this paper

...The ICS Charts published in 2004, 2008, 2009, and 2010 carry numerical ages derived from Gradstein et al. (2004) and Ogg et al. (2008)....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Calibrating the End-Permian Mass Extinction

[...]

Shu-zhong Shen, James L. Crowley¹, James L. Crowley², Yue Wang, Samuel A. Bowring¹, Douglas H. Erwin³, Douglas H. Erwin⁴, Peter M. Sadler⁵, Changqun Cao, Daniel H. Rothman¹, Charles M. Henderson⁶, Jahandar Ramezani¹, Hua Zhang, Yanan Shen⁷, Xiangdong Wang, Wei Wang, Lin Mu, Wen-zhong Li⁸, Yue-gang Tang⁹, Xiao-Lei Liu¹⁰, Lujun Liu, Yong Zeng⁹, Yao-fa Jiang, Yugan Jin - Show less +20 more•Institutions (10)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology¹, Boise State University², National Museum of Natural History³, Santa Fe Institute⁴, University of California, Riverside⁵, University of Calgary⁶, University of Science and Technology of China⁷, Deakin University⁸, China University of Mining and Technology⁹, University of Bremen¹⁰

09 Dec 2011-Science

TL;DR: High-precision geochronologic dating constrains probable causes of Earth's largest mass extinction and reveals that the extinction peak occurred just before 252.28 ± 0.08 million years ago, after a decline of 2 per mil (‰) in δ13C over 90,000 years, and coincided with a δ 13C excursion that is estimated to have lasted ≤20,000 Years.

...read moreread less

Abstract: The end-Permian mass extinction was the most severe biodiversity crisis in Earth history. To better constrain the timing, and ultimately the causes of this event, we collected a suite of geochronologic, isotopic, and biostratigraphic data on several well-preserved sedimentary sections in South China. High-precision U-Pb dating reveals that the extinction peak occurred just before 252.28 ± 0.08 million years ago, after a decline of 2 per mil (‰) in δ13C over 90,000 years, and coincided with a δ13C excursion of −5‰ that is estimated to have lasted ≤20,000 years. The extinction interval was less than 200,000 years and synchronous in marine and terrestrial realms; associated charcoal-rich and soot-bearing layers indicate widespread wildfires on land. A massive release of thermogenic carbon dioxide and/or methane may have caused the catastrophic extinction.

...read moreread less

629 citations

"The ICS International Chronostratig..." refers background in this paper

...These revisions result from recently acquired, very high-precision radiometric ages, together with radiometric and biostratigraphical re-calibrations (Henderson et al., 2012a, 2012b; Schmitz and Davydov, 2012; Shen et al., 2011)....
[...]

Book•

International stratigraphic guide : a guide to stratigraphic classification, terminology, and procedure

[...]

Hollis D. Hedberg

01 Jan 1976

491 citations

"The ICS International Chronostratig..." refers background in this paper

...Candidate GSSPs are evaluated by the ICS and its constituent working groups based on a long list of criteria (Hedberg, 1976; Cowie et al., 1986; Salvador, 1994; Remané et al., 1996)....
[...]