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Journal ArticleDOI

The impact of frailty on outcomes after cardiac surgery: A systematic review

TL;DR: Patients deemed frail, determined using an objective assessment tool, have a higher likelihood of experiencing mortality, morbidity, functional decline, and MACCE following cardiac surgery, regardless of definition.
About: This article is published in The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery.The article was published on 2014-12-01 and is currently open access. It has received 301 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Framingham Risk Score & Hazard ratio.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence is found that frailty in older-old and oldest-old surgical patients predicts post-operative mortality, complications, and prolonged length of stay, and frailty assessment may be a valuable tool in peri-operative assessment.
Abstract: As the population ages, increasing numbers of older adults are undergoing surgery. Frailty is prevalent in older adults and may be a better predictor of post-operative morbidity and mortality than chronological age. The aim of this review was to examine the impact of frailty on adverse outcomes in the ‘older old’ and ‘oldest old’ surgical patients. A systematic review was undertaken. Electronic databases from 2010 to 2015 were searched to identify articles which evaluated the relationship between frailty and post-operative outcomes in surgical populations with a mean age of 75 and older. Articles were excluded if they were in non-English languages or if frailty was measured using a single marker only. Demographic data, type of surgery performed, frailty measure and impact of frailty on adverse outcomes were extracted from the selected studies. Quality of the studies and risk of bias was assessed by the Epidemiological Appraisal Instrument. Twenty-three studies were selected for the review and they were assessed as medium to high quality. The mean age ranged from 75 to 87 years, and included patients undergoing cardiac, oncological, general, vascular and hip fracture surgeries. There were 21 different instruments used to measure frailty. Regardless of how frailty was measured, the strongest evidence in terms of numbers of studies, consistency of results and study quality was for associations between frailty and increased mortality at 30 days, 90 days and one year follow-up, post-operative complications and length of stay. A small number of studies reported on discharge to institutional care, functional decline and lower quality of life after surgery, and also found a significant association with frailty. There was strong evidence that frailty in older-old and oldest-old surgical patients predicts post-operative mortality, complications, and prolonged length of stay. Frailty assessment may be a valuable tool in peri-operative assessment. It is possible that different frailty tools are best suited for different acuity and type of surgical patients. The association between frailty and return to pre-morbid function, discharge destination, and quality of life after surgery warrants further research.

605 citations


Cites background from "The impact of frailty on outcomes a..."

  • ...Other systematic reviews have concentrated on specific surgical subspecialties, namely oncologic surgery [42], cardiac surgery [43] and thoracic surgery [44]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Current options and recommendations for the treatment of thoracic aortic pathologies involving the aortIC arch: an expert consensus document of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic surgery and the European Society for Vascular Surgery.
Abstract: Current options and recommendations for the treatment of thoracic aortic pathologies involving the aortic arch: an expert consensus document of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic surgery (EACTS) and the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) Martin Czerny (EACTS Chairperson)* and Jürg Schmidli (ESVS Chairperson) Writing Committee: Sabine Adler, Jos C. van den Berg, Luca Bertoglio, Thierry Carrel, Roberto Chiesa, Rachel E. Clough, Balthasar Eberle, Christian Etz, Martin Grabenwöger, Stephan Haulon, Heinz Jakob, Fabian A. Kari, Carlos A. Mestres, Davide Pacini, Timothy Resch, Bartosz Rylski, Florian Schoenhoff, Malakh Shrestha, Hendrik von Tengg-Kobligk, Konstantinos Tsagakis and Thomas R. Wyss

357 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The guideline for coronary artery revascularization replaces the 2011 coronary artery bypass graft surgery and the 2011 and 2015 percutaneous coronary intervention guidelines, providing a patient-centric approach to guide clinicians in the treatment of patients with significant coronary artery disease undergoing coronary revascularisation as well as the supporting documentation to encourage their use as mentioned in this paper .

347 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Interventions to improve frailty-related health outcomes developed to date include exercise, nutrition, multicomponent interventions, and individually tailored geriatric care models.

239 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The roles that a variety of medical comorbidities play in determining futile post-TAVI outcomes are outlined, including the critical role of frailty underlying the identification of patients unlikely to benefit from TAVI.
Abstract: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has spawned the evolution of novel catheter-based therapies for a variety of cardiovascular conditions. Newer device iterations are delivering lower peri- and early post-procedural complication rates in patients with aortic stenosis, who were otherwise deemed too high risk for conventional surgical valve replacement. Yet beyond the post-procedural period, a considerable portion of current TAVI recipients fail to derive a benefit from TAVI, either dying or displaying a lack of clinical and functional improvement. Considerable interest now lies in better identifying factors likely to predict futility post-TAVI. Implicit in this are the critical roles of frailty, disability, and a multimorbidity patient assessment. In this review, we outline the roles that a variety of medical comorbidities play in determining futile post-TAVI outcomes, including the critical role of frailty underlying the identification of patients unlikely to benefit from TAVI. We discuss various TAVI risk scores, and further propose that by combining such scores along with frailty parameters and the presence of specific organ failure, a more accurate and holistic assessment of potential TAVI-related futility could be achieved.

163 citations


Cites background from "The impact of frailty on outcomes a..."

  • ...ation between frailty and an increased risk of morbidity, mortality, and functional decline post-cardiac surgery.(24) The concept of pro-...

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study provides a potential standardized definition for frailty in community-dwelling older adults and offers concurrent and predictive validity for the definition, and finds that there is an intermediate stage identifying those at high risk of frailty.
Abstract: Background: Frailty is considered highly prevalent in old age and to confer high risk for falls, disability, hospitalization, and mortality. Frailty has been considered synonymous with disability, comorbidity, and other characteristics, but it is recognized that it may have a biologic basis and be a distinct clinical syndrome. A standardized definition has not yet been established. Methods: To develop and operationalize a phenotype of frailty in older adults and assess concurrent and predictive validity, the study used data from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Participants were 5,317 men and women 65 years and older (4,735 from an original cohort recruited in 1989-90 and 582 from an African American cohort recruited in 1992-93). Both cohorts received almost identical baseline evaluations and 7 and 4 years of follow-up, respectively, with annual examinations and surveillance for outcomes including incident disease, hospitalization, falls, disability, and mortality. Results: Frailty was defined as a clinical syndrome in which three or more of the following criteria were present: unintentional weight loss (10 lbs in past year), self-reported exhaustion, weakness (grip strength), slow walking speed, and low physical activity. The overall prevalence of frailty in this community-dwelling population was 6.9%; it increased with age and was greater in women than men. Four-year incidence was 7.2%. Frailty was associated with being African American, having lower education and income, poorer health, and having higher rates of comorbid chronic diseases and disability. There was overlap, but not concordance, in the cooccurrence of frailty, comorbidity, and disability. This frailty phenotype was independently predictive (over 3 years) of incident falls, worsening mobility or ADL disability, hospitalization, and death, with hazard ratios ranging from 1.82 to 4.46, unadjusted, and 1.29-2.24, adjusted for a number of health, disease, and social characteristics predictive of 5-year mortality. Intermediate frailty status, as indicated by the presence of one or two criteria, showed intermediate risk of these outcomes as well as increased risk of becoming frail over 3-4 years of follow-up (odds ratios for incident frailty = 4.51 unadjusted and 2.63 adjusted for covariates, compared to those with no frailty criteria at baseline). Conclusions: This study provides a potential standardized definition for frailty in community-dwelling older adults and offers concurrent and predictive validity for the definition. It also finds that there is an intermediate stage identifying those at high risk of frailty. Finally, it provides evidence that frailty is not synonymous with either comorbidity or disability, but comorbidity is an etiologic risk factor for, and disability is an outcome of, frailty. This provides a potential basis for clinical assessment for those who are frail or at risk, and for future research to develop interventions for frailty based on a standardized ascertainment of frailty.

16,255 citations


"The impact of frailty on outcomes a..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Frailty has been linked to cardiovascular disease(11) and increased mortality and morbidity in the general population.(12) To examine the effect of frailty on surgical outcomes, we performed a systematic review of relevant studies examining the association of frailty with major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Developing more efficient methods to detect frailty and measure its severity in routine clinical practice would greatly inform the appropriate selection of elderly people for invasive procedures or drug treatments and would be the basis for a shift in the care of frail elderly people towards more appropriate goal-directed care.

5,456 citations


"The impact of frailty on outcomes a..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Evidence to support this includes an estimate that by the year 2050 the population of those aged 65 years will grow to 2 billion.(10) It is important to note that heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalization in those aged 65 years....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The ability of the Clinical Frailty Scale to predict death or need for institutional care, and correlated the results with those obtained from other established tools are determined.
Abstract: Background: There is no single generally accepted clinical definition of frailty. Previously developed tools to assess frailty that have been shown to be predictive of death or need for entry into an institutional facility have not gained acceptance among practising clinicians. We aimed to develop a tool that would be both predictive and easy to use. Methods: We developed the 7-point Clinical Frailty Scale and applied it and other established tools that measure frailty to 2305 elderly patients who participated in the second stage of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA). We followed this cohort prospectively; after 5 years, we determined the ability of the Clinical Frailty Scale to predict death or need for institutional care, and correlated the results with those obtained from other established tools. Results: The CSHA Clinical Frailty Scale was highly correlated ( r = 0.80) with the Frailty Index. Each 1-category increment of our scale significantly increased the medium-term risks of death (21.2% within about 70 mo, 95% confidence interval [CI] 12.5%–30.6%) and entry into an institution (23.9%, 95% CI 8.8%–41.2%) in multivariable models that adjusted for age, sex and education. Analyses of receiver operating characteristic curves showed that our Clinical Frailty Scale performed better than measures of cognition, function or comorbidity in assessing risk for death (area under the curve 0.77 for 18-month and 0.70 for 70-month mortality). Interpretation: Frailty is a valid and clinically important construct that is recognizable by physicians. Clinical judgments about frailty can yield useful predictive information.

5,189 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Gait speed is a simple and effective test that may identify a subset of vulnerable elderly patients at incrementally higher risk of mortality and major morbidity after cardiac surgery.

637 citations


"The impact of frailty on outcomes a..." refers background in this paper

  • ...In the current era of cardiac surgery, more than half of procedures are being performed in patients aged 75 years and older.(1) These elderly and often frail patients represent the...

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