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Journal ArticleDOI

The implications of chlorine-associated corrosion on the operation of biomass-fired boilers

TL;DR: In this paper, the potential corrosion problems associated with burning biomass fuels either alone or in blends with coal, for electricity production are discussed, and the most severe corrosion problems in biomass-fired systems are expected to occur due to Cl-rich deposits formed on superheater tubes.
About: This article is published in Progress in Energy and Combustion Science.The article was published on 2000-06-01. It has received 669 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Corrosion & Erosion corrosion.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, several aspects which are associated with burning biomass in boilers have been investigated such as composition of biomass, estimating the higher heating value of biomass and comparison between biomass and other fuels.
Abstract: Currently, fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas represent the prime energy sources in the world. However, it is anticipated that these sources of energy will deplete within the next 40–50 years. Moreover, the expected environmental damages such as the global warming, acid rain and urban smog due to the production of emissions from these sources have tempted the world to try to reduce carbon emissions by 80% and shift towards utilizing a variety of renewable energy resources (RES) which are less environmentally harmful such as solar, wind, biomass etc. in a sustainable way. Biomass is one of the earliest sources of energy with very specific properties. In this review, several aspects which are associated with burning biomass in boilers have been investigated such as composition of biomass, estimating the higher heating value of biomass, comparison between biomass and other fuels, combustion of biomass, co-firing of biomass and coal, impacts of biomass, economic and social analysis of biomass, transportation of biomass, densification of biomass, problems of biomass and future of biomass. It has been found that utilizing biomass in boilers offers many economical, social and environmental benefits such as financial net saving, conservation of fossil fuel resources, job opportunities creation and CO 2 and NO x emissions reduction. However, care should be taken to other environmental impacts of biomass such as land and water resources, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity and deforestation. Fouling, marketing, low heating value, storage and collections and handling are all associated problems when burning biomass in boilers. The future of biomass in boilers depends upon the development of the markets for fossil fuels and on policy decisions regarding the biomass market.

1,293 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the major issues concerned with biomass combustion with special reference to the small scale fluidized bed systems (small to pilot scale). Problems have been identified, mechanisms explained and solutions have been indicated.

1,012 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a summary of knowledge and research developments concerning these ash-related issues, including alkali-induced slagging, silicate melt induced slagging (ash fusion), agglomeration, corrosion, and ash utilization.

691 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 2005-Fuel
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the reasons for and technical challenges associated with co-combustion of biomass and coal in boilers designed for coal (mainly pulverized coal) combustion.

572 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed review on new concepts in biomass gasification is provided, which aim to enable higher process efficiencies, better gas quality and purity, and lower investment costs.

517 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the corrosion of superheater tube material in straw-fired boilers was investigated in the laboratory and metal test elements of boiler tube steel (X20CRMV121 and AISI 347FG) were covered with synthetic (KCl and/or K2SO4) and real deposits, and exposed to synthetic flue gas (6 vol % O2, 12 vol % CO2, 400 ppmv HCl, 60 ppmv SO2, balance N2) in 550 °C electrically heated ovens.
Abstract: The corrosion of superheater tube material in straw-fired boilers was investigated in the laboratory. Metal test elements of boiler tube steel (X20CRMV121 and AISI 347FG) were covered with synthetic (KCl and/or K2SO4) and real deposits, and exposed to a synthetic flue gas (6 vol % O2, 12 vol % CO2, 400 ppmv HCl, 60 ppmv SO2, balance N2) in 550 °C electrically heated ovens. Exposure times from 1 week to 5 months were used. The corrosion of the metal test elements was, in general, quite uniform, and the corrosion products consisted mainly of oxides of iron and chromium. All test elements covered with KCl suffered from minor internal attack, and some elements had severe pits with chlorine found in the pit. A dense layer of potassium sulfate and iron oxide was found adjacent to the metal oxide layers on all the metal test elements covered with a deposit containing KCl. The layer had a characteristic structure, with iron oxide threads in a dense potassium sulfate matrix. A mechanism for chlorine corrosion is s...

114 citations


"The implications of chlorine-associ..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Nielsen et al. [ 53 ] report lab-scale corrosion experiments where metal test elements covered with KCl were exposed to a synthetic flue gas containing 60 ppmv SO 2 in an oxidizing simulated flue gas at 550 8C. A distinguishable dense H.P....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review has examined fireside corrosion of PC-fired boilers in both the waterwall and superheater regions, and the present understanding of corrosion phenomena has resulted in the development of strategies to control tube wastage

95 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Etude de la corrosion des superalliages IN-738, IN-100, X-40 and Nimonic 90 par des chlorures et des contaminants au vanadium is presented in this article.
Abstract: Etude de la corrosion des superalliages IN-738, IN-100, X-40 et Nimonic 90 par des chlorures et des contaminants au vanadium. On etablit egalement l'influence de la vitesse du flux de contaminant sur les reactions de corrosion

93 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the sulfation of solid NaCl was studied in a fixed-bed reactor in the temperature range 400−600 °C where NaCl, Na2SO4, and their mixtures are solid.
Abstract: SO2 and NaCl react in the presence of O2 and water vapor to produce Na2SO4 and HCl. The sulfation of solid NaCl was studied in a fixed-bed reactor in the temperature range 400−600 °C where NaCl, Na2SO4, and their mixtures are solid. Other experimental conditions were as follows: 0.3−1.1% SO2, 3−11% O2, 0.5−20% H2O, 2 g of NaCl particles with surface areas of 0.13−0.29 m2/g, and a total gas flow rate of 15 cm3/s (at 20 °C). Under the experimental conditions employed, intraparticle diffusion and external mass transfer did not influence the overall rate, and true kinetic data were obtained. The sulfation rate of the solid NaCl was very slow, with only 0.5−1.1% of the NaCl converted to Na2SO4 in 3 h. The rate was not strongly temperature dependent, and the activation energy was 17 kJ/mol. The reaction rate depended on SO2 partial pressure but not on water vapor and O2 partial pressures. The observed reaction rate was consistent with a mechanism in which Langmuir-type adsorption of SO2 on the NaCl surface is ...

77 citations