The indispensability of precollision kinematics in the visual perception of relative mass.
TL;DR: The present paper argues that Gilden and Proffitt’s experimental results are irrelevant because crucial parameters were held constant, and that false conclusions were drawn because their data were not treated for what they are: threshold measurements obtained with the method of constant stimuli.
Abstract: The visible kinematic pattern that occurs when objects collide contains information about the relative mass of the objects. Recently, Gilden and Proffitt (1989) have claimed that perceivers are li ...
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TL;DR: The authors argued that mutuality relations between the animal and its environment are not affordances and that they may be a category of events, and they also argued that the relationship between affordance and events may differ qualitatively.
Abstract: Affordance is a fundamental concept in the ecological approach to perception and action, but it is not yet fully developed. In this article, I attempt to further the development of the concept by contrasting it with the concept of events. My specific purpose is to raise for further discussion the following question: Can a theory that predicts the perception of affordances also predict the perception of events? I argue that affordances and events are not identical and that they differ qualitatively. I also discuss what I call mutuality relations between the animal and its environment, which have inspired much research on perception-action couplings (e.g., the perception and control of interceptive action, or the guidance of locomotion). There has been little direct discussion of relations between perception-action coupling and affordances. I suggest that mutuality relations are not affordances and that they may be a category of events. As an example of this argument, I reinterpret common analyses of time-t...
175 citations
Cites background from "The indispensability of precollisio..."
...…properties are reported to be perceived by viewing physical or animated events (e.g., Bingham, 1993; Cutting, 1982; Flynn, 1994; Pittenger, 1990; Runeson & Frykholm, 1983; Runeson & Vedeler, 1993; Valenti & Costall, 1997) or by manually manipulating objects (e.g., Solomon, Turvey, & Burton, 1989)....
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...…events generally are measured in standard (extrinsic) units: the weight of objects in kilograms or the velocity of objects in meters per second (Runeson & Vedeler, 1993), the pattern of frequencies that make up an acoustic wavefront (Gaver, 1993), the period of a pendulum (Pittenger, 1990),…...
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...The optical kinematics relating to the relative mass in object collisions are well understood (Runeson & Vedeler, 1993)....
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TL;DR: Within the proposed framework, successful human performance on these tasks is a matter of learning to detect and calibrate optical information about the boundaries that separate possible from impossible actions.
Abstract: Tasks such as steering, braking, and intercepting moving objects constitute a class of behaviors, known as visually guided actions, which are typically carried out under continuous control on the basis of visual information. Several decades of research on visually guided action have resulted in an inventory of control laws that describe for each task how information about the sufficiency of one's current state is used to make ongoing adjustments. Although a considerable amount of important research has been generated within this framework, several aspects of these tasks that are essential for successful performance cannot be captured. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the existing framework, discuss its limitations, and introduce a new framework that emphasizes the necessity of calibration and perceptual learning. Within the proposed framework, successful human performance on these tasks is a matter of learning to detect and calibrate optical information about the boundaries that separate possible from impossible actions. This resolves a long-lasting incompatibility between theories of visually guided action and the concept of an affordance. The implications of adopting this framework for the design of experiments and models of visually guided action are discussed.
170 citations
Cites background from "The indispensability of precollisio..."
...(3) Nonspecifying variables have also been referred to as `incomplete invariants' (Runeson and Vedeler 1993) and `perceptual heuristics' (Gilden and Proffitt 1989, 1994)....
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04 Mar 2013
TL;DR: A range of effects in mass judgments that have been taken as strong evidence for heuristic use are investigated and show that they are well explained by the interplay between Newtonian constraints and sensory uncertainty.
Abstract: People have strong intuitions about the influence objects exert upon one another when they collide. Because people's judgments appear to deviate from Newtonian mechanics, psychologists have suggested that people depend on a variety of task-specific heuristics. This leaves open the question of how these heuristics could be chosen, and how to integrate them into a unified model that can explain human judgments across a wide range of physical reasoning tasks. We propose an alternative framework, in which people's judgments are based on optimal statistical inference over a Newtonian physical model that incorporates sensory noise and intrinsic uncertainty about the physical properties of the objects being viewed. This noisy Newton framework can be applied to a multitude of judgments, with people's answers determined by the uncertainty they have for physical variables and the constraints of Newtonian mechanics. We investigate a range of effects in mass judgments that have been taken as strong evidence for heuristic use and show that they are well explained by the interplay between Newtonian constraints and sensory uncertainty. We also consider an extended model that handles causality judgments, and obtain good quantitative agreement with human judgments across tasks that involve different judgment types with a single consistent set of parameters.
159 citations
Cites background or methods from "The indispensability of precollisio..."
...However, the motor object bias also occurs when both objects are moving prior to contact (A. L. Cohen & Ross, 2009; Runeson et al., 2000; Runeson & Vedeler, 1993)....
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...…kinetic energy is conserved, as well as systematic biases, such as a strong bias toward believing that the object with higher initial speed is heavier (Andersson & Runeson, 2008; A. L. Cohen & Ross, 2009; Gilden & Proffitt, 1989; Runeson et al., 2000; Runeson & Vedeler, 1993; Todd & Warren, 1982)....
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...…physics in the past (A. L. Cohen & Ross, 2009; Gilden, 1991; Gilden & Proffitt, 1989, 1994; Runeson, 1977/1983, 1995; Runeson et al., 2000; Runeson & Vedeler, 1993; Todd & Warren, 1982), although we use a more flexible version that allows noise following the computation of the mass ratio…...
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...In opposition to this prediction, the bias was found to be stronger when the initial velocities were occluded (Runeson & Vedeler, 1993)....
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...…investigations of the relationship between intuitive and Newtonian mechanics (A. L. Cohen, 2006; A. L. Cohen & Ross, 2009; Gilden & Proffitt, 1989, 1994; Runeson, 1977/1983, 1995; Runeson, Juslin, & Olsson, 2000; Runeson & Vedeler, 1993; Schlottmann & Anderson, 1993; Todd & Warren, 1982)....
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TL;DR: Visual perception of dynamic properties: Cue heuristics versus direct-perceptual competence versus cue heuristic competence is compared.
Abstract: Visual perception of dynamic properties: Cue heuristics versus direct-perceptual competence
137 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that observers can perceive affordances for the actions of actors and that kinematic displays can be enough to support such percepts if they preserve actor-environment relations that define affordances.
Abstract: The perception of affordances for the actions of other people (actors) was examined. Observers judged the maximum and preferred sitting heights of tall and short actors. Judgments were scaled in centimeters, as a proportion of the observer's leg length, and as a proportion of each actor's leg length. In Experiment 1 observers viewed live actors standing next to a chair. When judgments were scaled by actor leg length, they reflected the actual ordinal relation between the capabilities of the actors. The perception of affordances from kinematic displays was then evaluated. Observers differentiated tall and short actors, but only when the displays contained direct information about relations between the actors and the chair. It is concluded that observers can perceive affordances for the actions of actors and that kinematic displays can be enough to support such percepts if they preserve actor-environment relations that define affordances.
130 citations
Cites background from "The indispensability of precollisio..."
...Neither Runeson and Frykholms (1983)statement of the KSD principle, nor any subsequent analyses inspiredby it (eg, Bingham, 1987, 1993b; Bingham et al,, 1995; Runeson, 1994; Runeson & Vedeler, 1993), has attempted todevelop any explicit relation between KSD and the specification ofaffordances....
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References
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01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: The most important developments in econometrics in the past ten years have occurred in the area of qualitative response (QR) models as discussed by the authors, and there are two factors which explain the recent upsurge of QR models in economic applications: 1) Economists deal with many variables, thus necessitating the need to formulate more complex models involving more than one discrete variable and more than two responses, as well as using more independent variables.
Abstract: One of the most important developments in econometrics in the past ten years has occurred in the area of qualitative response (QR) models. There are two factors which explain the recent upsurge of QR models in economic applications: 1) Economists deal with many variables, thus necessitating the need to formulate more complex models involving more than one discrete variable and more than two responses, as well as using more independent variables. The estimation of such complex QR models has only recently been made possible by the development of advanced computer technology. 2) An increasingly large number of sample surveys have been recently conducted and their results made readily available on magnetic tapes. This paper will present the basic facts about QR models. It starts with the discussion of the simplest model - the model for a univariate dichotomous dependent variable, and then moves on to multi-response models. The following three problems are discussed: 1) how to specify a model which is consistent with economic theory and which is at the same time statistically manageable; 2) how to estimate and test hypotheses on the parameters of a model; and 3) what criteria to use for choosing among competing models.
1,995 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: The most important developments in econometrics in the past ten years have occurred in the area of qualitative response (QR) models as discussed by the authors, and there are two factors which explain the recent upsurge of QR models in economic applications: 1) Economists deal with many variables, thus necessitating the need to formulate more complex models involving more than one discrete variable and more than two responses, as well as using more independent variables.
Abstract: One of the most important developments in econometrics in the past ten years has occurred in the area of qualitative response (QR) models. There are two factors which explain the recent upsurge of QR models in economic applications: 1) Economists deal with many variables, thus necessitating the need to formulate more complex models involving more than one discrete variable and more than two responses, as well as using more independent variables. The estimation of such complex QR models has only recently been made possible by the development of advanced computer technology. 2) An increasingly large number of sample surveys have been recently conducted and their results made readily available on magnetic tapes. This paper will present the basic facts about QR models. It starts with the discussion of the simplest model - the model for a univariate dichotomous dependent variable, and then moves on to multi-response models. The following three problems are discussed: 1) how to specify a model which is consistent with economic theory and which is at the same time statistically manageable; 2) how to estimate and test hypotheses on the parameters of a model; and 3) what criteria to use for choosing among competing models.
1,971 citations