The Influence of Age and Sex on Skin Thickness, Skin Collagen and Density
TL;DR: Skin collagen decreased with age and was less in the females at all ages and variations in collagen density in disease limit the use of dermal thickness as a guide to changes in its collagen content.
Abstract: Forearm skin collagen, dermal thickness and collagen density were measured in a large number of normal subjects as a standard reference for future studies. Skin collagen decreased with age and was less in the females at all ages. There is a direct relationship between skin collagen and dermal thickness but variations in collagen density in disease limit the use of dermal thickness as a guide to changes in its collagen content.
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01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: This report presents detailed information on age- and gender-related differences in the anatomical and physiological characteristics of reference individuals to provide needed input to prospective dosimetry calculations for radiation protection purposes for both workers and members of the general public.
Abstract: Preface Abstract 1. Basis of ICRP Reference Values 2. Summary of Reference Values 3. Embryo and Fetus 4. Total Body 5. Respiratory System 6. Alimentary System 7. Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems 8. Urogenital System 9. Skeletal System 10. Integumentary System 11. Additional Organs and Tissues 12. Pregnant Woman: Anatomical and Physiological Changes 13. Elemental Composition of the Body Reference
1,741 citations
TL;DR: Diminished secretion of growth hormone is responsible in part for the decrease of lean body mass, the expansion of adipose-tissue mass, and the thinning of the skin that occur in old age.
Abstract: Background. The declining activity of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) axis with advancing age may contribute to the decrease in lean body mass and the increase in mass of adipose tissue that occur with aging. Methods. To test this hypothesis, we studied 21 healthy men from 61 to 81 years old who had plasma IGF-I concentrations of less than 350 U per liter during a six-month base-line period and a six-month treatment period that followed. During the treatment period, 12 men (group 1) received approximately 0.03 mg of biosynthetic human growth hormone per kilogram of body weight subcutaneously three times a week, and 9 men (group 2) received no treatment. Plasma IGF-I levels were measured monthly. At the end of each period we measured lean body mass, the mass of adipose tissue, skin thickness (epidermis plus dermis), and bone density at nine skeletal sites. In group 1, the mean plasma IGF-I level rose into the youthful range of 500 to 1500 U per liter during treatment, where...
1,471 citations
TL;DR: The reference values provided needed input to prospective dosimetry calculations for radiation protection purposes for both workers and members of the general public as mentioned in this paper, and the reference values were used for both male and female subjects of six different ages: newborn, 1 year, 5 years, 10 years, 15 years, and adult.
Abstract: This report presents detailed information on age- and gender-related differences in the anatomical and physiological characteristics of reference individuals. These reference values provide needed input to prospective dosimetry calculations for radiation protection purposes for both workers and members of the general public. The purpose of this report is to consolidate and unify in one publication, important new information on reference anatomical and physiological values that has become available since Publication 23 was published by the ICRP in 1975. There are two aspects of this work. The first is to revise and extend the information in Publication 23 as appropriate. The second is to provide additional information on individual variation among grossly normal individuals resulting from differences in age, gender, race, or other factors. This publication collects, unifies, and expands the updated ICRP reference values for the purpose of providing a comprehensive and consistent set of age- and gender-specific reference values for anatomical and physiological features of the human body pertinent to radiation dosimetry. The reference values given in this report are based on: (a) anatomical and physiological information not published before by the ICRP; (b) recent ICRP publications containing reference value information; and (c) information in Publication 23 that is still considered valid and appropriate for radiation protection purposes. Moving from the past emphasis on ‘Reference Man’, the new report presents a series of reference values for both male and female subjects of six different ages: newborn, 1 year, 5 years, 10 years, 15 years, and adult. In selecting reference values, the Commission has used data on Western Europeans and North Americans because these populations have been well studied with respect to antomy, body composition, and physiology. When appropriate, comparisons are made between the chosen reference values and data from several Asian populations. The first section of the report provides summary tables of all the anatomical and physiological parameters given as reference values in this publication. These results give a comprehensive view of reference values for an individual as influenced by age and gender. The second section describes characteristics of dosimetric importance for the embryo and fetus. Information is provided on the development of the total body and the timing of appearance and development of the various organ systems. Reference values are provided on the mass of the total body and selected organs and tissues, as well as a number of physiological parameters. The third section deals with reference values of important anatomical and physiological characteristics of reference individuals from birth to adulthood. This section begins with details on the growth and composition of the total body in males and females. It then describes and quantifies anatomical and physiological characteristics of various organ systems and changes in these characteristics during growth, maturity, and pregnancy. Reference values are specified for characteristics of dosimetric importance. The final section gives a brief summary of the elemental composition of individuals. Focusing on the elements of dosimetric importance, information is presented on the body content of 13 elements: calcium, carbon, chloride, hydrogen, iodine, iron, magnesium, nitrogen, oxygen, potassium, sodium, sulphur, and phosphorus.
1,169 citations
TL;DR: Fourteen of the 15 patients who received tretinoin to the face had improvement in photoaging, whereas none of the vehicle-treated patients' faces improved, a statistically significant difference in response between the two groups.
Abstract: In a 16-week randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study of topical tretinoin in the treatment of photoaging, all patients applied topical tretinoin to one forearm and vehicle cream to the other. Half of the patients received tretinoin to the face, and half received vehicle cream. All 30 patients who completed the study showed statistically significant improvement in photoaging on the tretinoin-treated forearms, but not on the vehicle-treated forearms. Fourteen of the 15 patients who received tretinoin to the face had improvement in photoaging, whereas none of the vehicle-treated patients' faces improved, a statistically significant difference in response between the two groups. Statistically significant histologic changes were seen in forearm skin treated with tretinoin, but not with vehicle cream. Side effects were limited to irritation of tretinoin-exposed skin. ( JAMA 1988;259:527-532)
534 citations
TL;DR: The intention of this article is to review the most important anti-aging strategies that dermatologists have nowadays in hand, including including preventive measurements, cosmetological strategies, topical and systemic therapeutic agents and invasive procedures.
Abstract: Skin aging is a complex biological process influenced by a combination of endogenous or intrinsic and exogenous or extrinsic factors. Because of the fact that skin health and beauty is considered one of the principal factors representing overall “well-being” and the perception of “health” in humans, several anti-aging strategies have been developed during the last years. It is the intention of this article to review the most important anti-aging strategies that dermatologists have nowadays in hand, including including preventive measurements, cosmetological strategies, topical and systemic therapeutic agents and invasive procedures.
507 citations
Cites background from "The Influence of Age and Sex on Ski..."
...The overall collagen content per unit area of the skin surface is known to decline approximately 1%/year.(30) Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are among the primary dermal skin matrix constituents assisting in binding water....
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References
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TL;DR: Method has been applied to a study of hydroxyproline distribution in cell particulates, tissue fluids, and purified plant and animal proteins, and significant amounts of hydroXYproline were found in crystalline preparations of pepsin, elastase.
3,756 citations
TL;DR: A modified radiographic method for measuring skin thickness has been described and has given consistent results, and it is suggested that this method will be of value in studying conditions in which changes in skin thickness are to be expected.
Abstract: SUMMARY.— A modified radiographic method for measuring skin thickness has been described; it has given consistent results. Normal values have been ascertained for adult males and females. It is suggested that this method will be of value in studying conditions in which changes in skin thickness are to be expected.
111 citations
TL;DR: Total skin collagen was found to be decreased in untreated patients with osteoporosis, particularly women, but increased after treatment with androgens in women, suggesting decreased body collagen may possibly be a primary defect in osteopsorosis.
Abstract: Total skin collagen was found to be decreased in untreated patients with osteoporosis, particularly women, but increased after treatment with androgens in women Decreased body collagen may possibly be a primary defect in osteoporosis, while androgens may increase total skin collagen
65 citations
TL;DR: Some relatively simple methods for visualization and accurate measurement of skin thickness and to give some preliminary results on their application are described.
Abstract: Radiographic examination of the skin has attracted little attention. In standard textbooks of radiology, the chapters on soft-tissue radiography are mainly concerned with fat, muscle, and calcification. Such lack of interest is at least partly due to easy access to the skin by established dermatologie methods. Nevertheless, the estimation of its thickness by palpation is understandably inaccurate, and in the available literature no radiographic technic of measurement has been described. Such a method would provide a simple, rapid, painless, and inexpensive means of measuring skin thickness and would enable accurate studies of changes as they relate to sex, aging, complexion, exposure to sunlight, and perhaps certain morbid conditions. The purpose of this paper is to describe some relatively simple methods for visualization and accurate measurement of skin thickness and to give some preliminary results on their application. Theoretical Development And Methods The epidermis and corium have approximately the...
57 citations