The influence of porosity of ammonium perchlorate (AP) on the thermomechanical and thermal properties of the AP/polyvinylchloride (PVC) composite propellants
01 Apr 2014-Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (Springer Netherlands)-Vol. 116, Iss: 1, pp 279-286
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of porous ammonium perchlorate (POAP) on the thermomechanical and combustion behavior of solid rocket propellants based on polyvinylchloride binder has been investigated.
Abstract: The influence of porous ammonium perchlorate (POAP) on the thermomechanical and combustion behavior of solid rocket propellants based on polyvinylchloride binder has been investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry, differential thermogravimetry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and scanning electronic microscopy measurements were used for thermomechanical and thermal decomposition properties assessment. The results obtained indicate that lower glass transitions of the propellants and catalytic effect of combustion are obtained with POAP.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the potential green chemicals for use as oxidizers are highlighted and these reveal interesting physicochemical properties and performance, and the current status of ammonium perchlorate (AP) issues is discussed in light of possible substitution with potential green ingredients.
142 citations
TL;DR: A review of the current and emergent stabilizers as well as their mechanisms of action is presented in this article, where a critical and analytical examination of their advantages and drawbacks is made.
Abstract: Aliphatic nitrate esters are currently the most widely used energetic ingredients in single-, double-, and triple-base propellants. These nitrate esters are unstable at ambient conditions, and stabilizing agents should be incorporated into the energetic compositions to inhibit and slow down the decomposition reactions that can occur. However, the currently used stabilizers present a number of environmental and human health issues. To overcome these shortcomings, many stabilizers have been appeared in the past few decades and continue to be developed. Furthermore, several analytical techniques have been introduced to monitor the stability of nitrate ester-based energetic materials as well, since the existing ones could not be efficiently applied. Therefore, this review paper discusses and summarizes the current and emergent stabilizers as well as their mechanisms of action. A critical and analytical examination of their advantages and drawbacks is made.
118 citations
Cites background from "The influence of porosity of ammoni..."
...016 [6] Mezroua A, Khimeche K, Lefebvre MH, Benziane M,...
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TL;DR: In this article, the thermal decomposition mechanisms of energy-rich materials have been investigated experimentally and theoretically for decades, but there are still many unanswered questions concerning their thermal decompositions.
Abstract: Energetic materials have been widely investigated experimentally and theoretically for decades, but there are still many unanswered questions concerning their thermal decomposition mechanisms that ...
100 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of burning rate suppressants on the thermal behavior and decomposition kinetics of composite solid propellants was investigated, and it was found that oxamide played an inhibition effect on both stages, whereas the ADA acts as a catalyst in the first stage and as coolant in the second one.
Abstract: The employment of burning rate suppressants in the solid rocket propellant formulation is long known. Different research activities have been conducted to well understand the mechanism of suppression, but literature about the action of oxamide (OXA) and azodicarbonamide (ADA) on the thermal decomposition of composite propellant is still scarce. The focus of this study is on investigating the effect of burning rate suppressants on the thermal behavior and decomposition kinetics of composite solid propellants. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential thermal analysis have been used to identify the changes in the thermal and kinetic behaviors of coolant-based propellants. Two main decomposition stages were observed. It was found that OXA played an inhibition effect on both stages, whereas the ADA acts as a catalyst in the first stage and as coolant in the second one. The activation energy dependent on the conversion rate was estimated by two model-free integral methods: Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) based on the TG data obtained at different heating rates. The mechanism of action of coolants on the decomposition of solid propellants was confirmed by the kinetic investigation as well.
95 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a systematic study on coolant-based propellants has been undertaken spanning from thermal analyses of ingredients to a variety of burning processes of the corresponding propellants, and it is proposed that OXA and ADA are acting on both the condensed and gas phases.
60 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarize literature data on thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate and discuss the mechanism of the decomposition and various factors that influence the thermal decompositions of perchlorates.
492 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the effect of TMO catalysts on solid propellant burning and decomposition, oxidizer burning, and sandwich and condensed mixture combustion is discussed. But, the exact mechanism of the effect on the burning rate modification of composite solid propellants is not clear even today.
Abstract: Introduction T metal oxides (TMO) like Fe2O3, CuO, MnO2, CuCr2O4, etc., form a very popular group of catalysts for burning rate modification of composite solid propellants. Although it is well known that these oxides affect the decomposition characteristics of polymers and oxidizers like ammonium perchlorate (AP)' and potassium perchlorate, (KP) the exact mechanism of the effect on solid propellants is by no means clear even today. Much fragmentary literature is available on the effect of these oxides on propellant burning and decomposition, oxidizer burning and decomposition, and sandwich and condensed mixture combustion. It is the purpose of this review to bring the material together so that a comprehensive picture can be drawn of the mechanism of the action of these catalysts. It may be mentioned here that these oxides also catalyze hydrocarbon oxidation reactions by inducing free radical decomposition of hydroperoxides (formed by the contact of oxidizer and hydrocarbon).
91 citations
"The influence of porosity of ammoni..." refers background in this paper
...The first endothermic peak at 246 C, without mass loss is attributed to orthorhombic–cubic phase transition of ammonium perchlorate [22, 25, 26]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP)/hydroxyl-terminated-polybutadiene (HTPB), the AP/HTPB solid propellant, was studied at different heating rates in dynamic nitrogen atmosphere.
Abstract: The thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP)/hydroxyl-terminated-polybutadiene (HTPB), the AP/HTPB solid propellant, was studied at different heating rates in dynamic nitrogen atmosphere. The exothermic reaction kinetics was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in non-isothermal conditions. The Arrhenius parameters were estimated according to the Ozawa method. The calculated activation energy was 134.5 kJ mol-1, the pre-exponential factor, A, was 2.04×1010 min-1 and the reaction order for the global composite decomposition was estimated in 0.7 by the kinetic Shimadzu software based on the Ozawa method. The Kissinger method for obtaining the activation energy value was also used for comparison. These results are discussed here.
85 citations