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Journal ArticleDOI

The Ingestion of Proteins and Colloidal Materials by Columnar Absorptive Cells of the Small Intestine in Suckling Rats and Mice

25 Jan 1959-Journal of Cell Biology (The Rockefeller University Press)-Vol. 5, Iss: 1, pp 41-49
TL;DR: It is postulate that ingestion of foreign materials was accomplished by pinocytosis, that is, by invagination of the apical cell membrane to form vacuoles containing material from the intestinal lumen, and that adult animals may not have lost the capacity for pinocytes, but rather have become selective as to what substances provoke it.
Abstract: Proteins and colloidal materials, administered orally to suckling rats and mice, were ingested by columnar absorptive cells of the jejunum and ileum, but not of the duodenum. Bovine gamma globulin and ovalbumin were identified in the apical cytoplasm by staining with fluorescent antibody; trypan blue, Evans blue, saccharated iron oxide, and colloidal gold were detected intracellularly by their color, specific staining, and appearance in the electron microscope. Each substance was segregated in membrane-enclosed vacuoles, apparently part of a system of potentially interconnecting vacuoles and tubules in the apical cytoplasm which is continuous in places with the apical cell membrane. We postulate that ingestion of foreign materials was accomplished by pinocytosis, that is, by invagination of the apical cell membrane to form vacuoles containing material from the intestinal lumen. Approximately 18 days after birth columnar absorptive cells lost the ability to ingest proteins and colloids, and no longer contained large vacuoles and numerous tubules. At this age rats and mice lose the ability to absorb antibodies from the intestine in an immunologically intact form, and we conclude that cellular ingestion is part of the mechanism of absorption of intact proteins in suckling animals. Particulate fat apparently is absorbed in both newborn and adult animals by micropinocytosis. Thus adult animals may not have lost the capacity for pinocytosis, but rather have become selective as to what substances provoke it. Cortisone acetate, administered subcutaneously to rats 8 to 10 days old alters the columnar absorptive cells within 72 hours so that they resemble the cells in adult animals and no longer ingest proteins.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Transport of intestinal luminal material by M cells with subsequent uptake by lymphocytes provides a specific route for antigen uptake into the intestinal lymphoid system.

651 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review examines physiological transport of macromolecules through epithelia and through M cells and considers uncontrolled transport and its relation to disease states and the interrelationship between antigen transport and an altered immune system in the establishment of gastrointestinal disease.

483 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
24 Apr 1981-Science
TL;DR: Findings suggest that M cells are the site where reovirus penetrates the intestinal epithelium.
Abstract: Thirty minutes after inoculation of reovirus type 1 into the intestinal lumen of the mouse, viruses were found adhering to the surface of intestinal M cells but not other epithelial cells. Within 1 hour, viruses were seen in the M cell cytoplasm and were associated with mononuclear cells in the intercellular space adjacent to the M cell. These findings suggest that M cells are the site where reovirus penetrates the intestinal epithelium.

469 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Oral tolerance has been tested in human autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis, arthritis, uveitis, and diabetes and in allergy, contact sensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), and nickel allergy and no effect was observed in phase III trials of CII in rheumatoid arthritis or oral myelin and glatiramer acetate in MS.
Abstract: Autoimmune conditions caused by injurious immune responses against self-antigens can be ameliorated if the inappropriate responses to self-components that cause tissue injury can be modulated by regulatory cells or shut off via the induction of anergy or via deletion of pathogenic immune responses. Antigen encounter at the gut mucosa can lead to suppression of injurious immune responses to self-antigen via these mechanisms. This type of immunological vent is termed oral tolerance. In this review, we examine the mechanisms behind the induction of oral tolerance and provide findings from its use as a form of treatment for autoimmune diseases.

455 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Histopathologies technic and practical histochemistry, Histopathologie techno-practical histochemistry and the role of nanofiltration in medicine and drug discovery and abuse are studied.
Abstract: Histopathologie technic and practical histochemistry , Histopathologie technic and practical histochemistry , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

3,259 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Fixation experiments with buffered OsO4 solutions have shown that the appearance of the fixed cells is conditioned by the pH of the fixative, and the quality of fixation can be materially improved by buffering the OsO 4 solutions at pH 7.3-7.5 with acetate-veronal buffer.
Abstract: Osmium tetroxide fixation of tissue blocks, as usually effected, is preceded by an acidification of the tissue. This acidification is probably responsible for morphological alterations which are notably disturbing in electron microscopy. The acidification and the resulting morphological alterations cannot be prevented by homogenizing the tissue directly in OsO4 solutions or by adding enzyme inhibitors (fluoride, iodoscetamide) to the fixative. Fixation experiments with buffered OsO4 solutions have shown that the appearance of the fixed cells is conditioned by the pH of the fixative. The quality of fixation can be materially improved by buffering the OsO4 solutions at pH 7.3-7.5, The acetate-veronal buffer appeared to be the most favorable of the buffers tested, Because of these findings, 1 per cent OsO4 buffered at pH 7.3-7.5 with acetate-veronal buffer is recommended as an appropriate fixative for electron microscopy.

2,815 citations


"The Ingestion of Proteins and Collo..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...For electron microscopy, the tissues were fixed approximately 1 hour at room temperature in buffered 1 per cent osmium tetroxide (Palade, 1952) containing 3.5 per cent sucrose, dehydrated rapidly in graded ethyl alcohol-water mixtures, imbedded in a 6:1 mixture of butyl and methyl methacrylate…...

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  • ...For electron microscopy, the tissues were fixed approximately 1 hour at room temperature in buffered 1 per cent osmium tetroxide (Palade, 1952) containing 3....

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  • ...For electron microscopy, the tissues were fixed approximately 1 hour at room temperature in buffered 1 per cent osmium tetroxide (Palade, 1952) containing 3.5 per cent sucrose, dehydrated rapidly in graded ethyl alcohol-water mixtures, imbedded in a 6:1 mixture of butyl and methyl methacrylate polymerized with benzoyl peroxide at 60°C., sectioned with glass knives in a Porter-Blum microtome (Porter and Blum, 1953), and examined in an RCA model EMU 2E electron microscope with a compensated objective lens and a 40 micron objective aperture. Sections 1 to 4 microns thick, prepared in the same way, were examined by phase contrast microscopy. For staining with fluorescent antibody, the tissues were freeze-dried, imbedded in butyl methacrylate in vacuo, polymerized as described above, sectioned at 2 to 3 microns using glass knives in a Porter-Bluln microtome, transferred to gl~tss slides by floating on water, dried at 37°C., and immersed in ethylene dichloride for 1 hour to remove the plastic prior to staining. Sections prepared in this manner were used also for histological staining. Fluorescent antibodies against bovine gamma globulin and ovalbumin, generously provided by Dr. Jack Davies, were prepared by injecting rabbits subcutaneously with saline suspensions of the proteins emulsified with the adjuvant recommended by Moloney and Coval (1955). After several weekly injections of...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Improvements in a method for the specific microscopic localization of antigen in tissue cells are described and two isomeric series derived from nitrofluorescein are described.
Abstract: Improvements in a method for the specific microscopic localization of antigen in tissue cells are described. This method employs antibody labelled with fluorescein isocyanate as a histochemical stain, the specific antigen-antibody precipitate being made visible under the fluorescence microscope. Two isomeric series derived from nitrofluorescein are described.

1,627 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Small amounts of antibody were occasionally visible in cells in the lymphoid follicles of the spleen and lymph nodes, so that a minor contribution by lymphocytes to antibody synthesis cannot be excluded.
Abstract: A method for the specific histochemical demonstration of antibody in cells and parts of cells is described. It consists of carrying out a two stage immunological reaction on frozen sections of tissues: (a) allowing reaction between antibody in the tissue and dilute antigen applied in vitro, and (b) the detection of those areas where this antigen has been specifically absorbed by means of a precipitin reaction carried out with fluorescein-labelled antibody. Examination under the fluorescence microscope reveals the yellow-green fluorescence of fluorescein over those areas where a precipitate has formed. A study of the hyperimmune rabbit on the first few days after the last of a series of intravenous antigen injections reveals that antibody against human gamma-globulin or ovalbumin is present in groups of plasma cells in the red pulp of the spleen, the medullary areas of lymph nodes, the submucosa of the ileum, and the portal connective tissue of the liver. Because of extensive non-specific reactions, the bone marrow could not be examined. Small amounts of antibody were occasionally visible in cells in the lymphoid follicles of the spleen and lymph nodes, so that a minor contribution by lymphocytes to antibody synthesis cannot be excluded.

1,531 citations


"The Ingestion of Proteins and Collo..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The globulin fraction was conjugated with fluorescein isocyanate according to the method of Coons and Kaplan (1950), and absorbed with rabbit liver powder to prevent non-specific staining (Coons, Leduc, and Connolly, 1955)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The cytological distribution of the pneumococcal polysaccharides, types II and III, was followed in the tissues of the mouse, and the significance of its fixation in relation to its antigenicity and possible toxicity in mice is discussed.
Abstract: The cytological distribution of the pneumococcal polysaccharides, types II and III, was followed in the tissues of the mouse. The most constant and striking concentrations of these polysaccharides were found in the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system, the ordinary capillary endothelium, and fibroblasts throughout the body. In addition, polysaccharide was detected in monocytes and lymphocytes, hepatic cells, cardiac and smooth muscle cells, uterine epithelium, and in steroid-forming cells in the adrenal cortex, testis, and ovary. Studies of the persistence of polysaccharide, type III, in the tissues were carried out after an injection of 4.0 mg. The polysaccharide remained for at least 75 days in the macrophages of lymphoid organs, the Kupffer cells of the liver, the interstitial macrophages in the myocardium, the lung septal cells, the capillary endothelium, and the renal glomerulus. After a single injection of 8 mg., it persisted for at least 6 months in the macrophages of the spleen, liver, and heart and in the endothelium of peritubular capillaries in the kidney. The smallest dose of polysaccharide which produced detectable amounts in any cells 24 hours after injection was 0.03 mg. The distribution of polysaccharide is compared with that of acid vital dyes and suspensoids, and the significance of its fixation in relation to its antigenicity and possible toxicity in mice is discussed.

507 citations