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Book ChapterDOI

The Institutionalization of Global AIDS and the Creation of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the creation of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), and how this new formation set about institutionalizing a global AIDS perspective.
Abstract: This chapter focuses on the creation of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), and how this new formation set about institutionalizing a global AIDS perspective. The chapter considers the main motivations behind this creation, which included the need to create a coherent and shared understanding of HIV, together with a coordinated policy framework to bring together different technical and political capacities for coherent policy intervention in multiple country contexts. The chapter argues that this process of creating a shared understanding of expected outcomes led to a shared understanding of the disease laying the foundations for the politics of Global AIDS.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Based on MMR estimates for 2015, scenario-based projections are constructed to highlight the accelerations needed to accomplish the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) global target of less than 70 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births globally by 2030.

1,284 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
02 Jun 2017-Science
TL;DR: Evidence is provided linking vaginal bacteria to microbicide efficacy through tenofovir depletion via bacterial metabolism through bacterial metabolism, which is linked to inconsistent results in women for HIV prevention.
Abstract: Antiretroviral-based strategies for HIV prevention have shown inconsistent results in women We investigated whether vaginal microbiota modulated tenofovir gel microbicide efficacy in the CAPRISA (Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa) 004 trial Two major vaginal bacterial community types—one dominated by Lactobacillus (592%) and the other where Gardnerella vaginalis predominated with other anaerobic bacteria (408%)—were identified in 688 women profiled Tenofovir reduced HIV incidence by 61% ( P = 0013) in Lactobacillus- dominant women but only 18% ( P = 0644) in women with non- Lactobacillus bacteria, a threefold difference in efficacy Detectible mucosal tenofovir was lower in non- Lactobacillus women, negatively correlating with G vaginalis and other anaerobic bacteria, which depleted tenofovir by metabolism more rapidly than target cells convert to pharmacologically active drug This study provides evidence linking vaginal bacteria to microbicide efficacy through tenofovir depletion via bacterial metabolism

319 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
15 May 2019-Nature
TL;DR: This analysis reveals substantial within-country variation in the prevalence of HIV throughout sub-Saharan Africa and local differences in both the direction and rate of change in HIV prevalence between 2000 and 2017, highlighting the degree to which important local differences are masked when examining trends at the country level.
Abstract: HIV/AIDS is a leading cause of disease burden in sub-Saharan Africa. Existing evidence has demonstrated that there is substantial local variation in the prevalence of HIV; however, subnational variation has not been investigated at a high spatial resolution across the continent. Here we explore within-country variation at a 5 × 5-km resolution in sub-Saharan Africa by estimating the prevalence of HIV among adults (aged 15–49 years) and the corresponding number of people living with HIV from 2000 to 2017. Our analysis reveals substantial within-country variation in the prevalence of HIV throughout sub-Saharan Africa and local differences in both the direction and rate of change in HIV prevalence between 2000 and 2017, highlighting the degree to which important local differences are masked when examining trends at the country level. These fine-scale estimates of HIV prevalence across space and time provide an important tool for precisely targeting the interventions that are necessary to bringing HIV infections under control in sub-Saharan Africa. Fine-scale estimates of the prevalence of HIV in adults across sub-Saharan Africa reveal substantial within-country variation and local differences in both the direction and rate of change in the prevalence of HIV between 2000 and 2017.

292 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The objective of this study was to estimate population prevalence and correlates of prior HIV testing among young MSM (YMSM) and informs the development of HIV testing and intervention programmes that respond to the specific needs of this population.
Abstract: Introduction In Myanmar, men who have sex with men (MSM) experience high risk of HIV infection. However, access to HIV testing and prevention services remains a challenge among this marginalized population. The objective of this study was to estimate population prevalence and correlates of prior HIV testing among young MSM (YMSM) and informs the development of HIV testing and intervention programmes that respond to the specific needs of this population. Methods Five hundred and eighty-five YMSM aged 18 to 24 years were recruited using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) in a cross-sectional survey conducted in six townships of Myanmar. RDS-adjusted population estimates were calculated to estimate prevalence of HIV testing; RDS-weighted logistic regression was used to examine correlates of HIV testing in the past 6 months and in a lifetime. Results There were 12 participants who reported receiving a HIV-positive test; of those, five were tested in the past 6 months. The RDS-weighted prevalence estimates of lifetime (any prior) HIV testing was 60.6% (95% CI: 53.3% to 66.4%) and of recent (≤ 6 months) HIV testing was 50.1% (95% CI: 44.1% to 55.5%). In multivariable analysis, sexual identity was associated with lifetime but not recent HIV testing. Lifetime and recent HIV testing were associated with having three or more male sexual partners in the past 12 months (adjusted ORs (aORs) = 2.28, 95% CIs: 1.21 to 4.32 and 2.69, 95% CI: 1.59 to 4.56), having good HIV-related knowledge (aORs = 1.96, 95% CIs: 1.11 to 3.44 and 1.77, 95% CI: 1.08 to 2.89), reporting high HIV testing self-efficacy (aORs = 13.5, 95% CIs: 6.0 to 30.1 and 9.81, 95% CI: 4.27 to 22.6) and having access to and use of non-HIV health-related services in the past 12 months (aORs = 13.2, 95% CIs: 6.85 to 25.6 and 7.15, 95% CI: 4.08 to 12.5) respectively. Conclusions HIV testing coverage among YMSM aged 18 to 24 years old in Myanmar is still suboptimal. Integrated HIV testing and prevention services in existing health service provision systems with tailored HIV information and education programmes targeting YMSM to improve HIV-related knowledge and self-efficacy may help to promote regular HIV testing behaviour and contribute to sustainable control of the HIV epidemic among this marginalized population in Myanmar.

241 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Interventions that reduce incarceration itself and effectively intervene with prisoners to screen, diagnose, and treat addiction and HIV, hepatitis C virus, and tuberculosis are urgently needed to stem the multiple overlapping epidemics concentrated in prisons.

204 citations

References
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Journal Article
TL;DR: It is claimed that the Syrian government is planning to impose sanctions on Russia over its alleged role in the Syria- Ukraine conflict.
Abstract: همدقم ًاتبسن تلاوحت يراـميب كيژولويمديپا تايصوصخ رد عيرس ياـه زا يهاگآ ،ينوفع يراـميب نـيا تيعـضو نيرخآ تـسد يارـب ار اـه اكردنا بانتجا تملاس نار يم ريذپان ؛دزاس يراـميب نـيا رـگا هژيوب ه ناـهج كي ناونع هب زديا لكشم نوچم يرـيگ ) يمدـناپ ( حرـطم ديامن بلط ار يناهج مزع كي زين نآ لرتنك و دشاب . ناـيم نـيا رد شرازگ عمج اب يناهج تشادهب نامزاس ياه هداد يروآ يفلتخم ياه يم ناهج رسارس زا ناوت ن روطب ار يتميقيذ تاعلاطا د مهارف زكرمتم يامن ن د . شرازگ نيا لماك هعلاطم هك يياجنآ زا دارـفا هـمه يارـب اه تسين رسيم ، يا رد مـهم زا يتمسق هب اجن نيرـخآ تاجردـنم نيرـت شرازگ يم يراميب نيا صوصخ رد ميزادرپ .

2,062 citations

Book
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: Gusfield as mentioned in this paper argues that the "myth of the killer drunk" is a creation of the public culture of law and that the public law strengthens the illusion of moral consensus in American society and celebrates the virtues of a sober and orderly world.
Abstract: "Everyone knows 'drunk driving' is a 'serious' offense. And yet, everyone knows lots of 'drunk drivers' who don't get involved in accidents, don't get caught by the police, and manage to compensate adequately for their 'drunken disability.' Everyone also knows of 'drunk drivers' who have been arrested and gotten off easy. Gusfield's book dissects the conventional wisdom about 'drinking-driving' and examines the paradox of a 'serious' offense that is usually treated lightly by the judiciary and rarely carries social stigma."-Mac Marshall, "Social Science and Medicine" "A sophisticated and thoughtful critic. . . . Gusfield argues that the 'myth of the killer drunk' is a creation of the 'public culture of law.' . . . Through its dramatic development and condemnation of the anti-social character of the drinking-driver, the public law strengthens the illusion of moral consensus in American society and celebrates the virtues of a sober and orderly world."-James D. Orcutt, "Sociology and Social Research" "Joseph Gusfield denies neither the role of alcohol in highway accidents nor the need to do something about it. His point is that the research we conduct on drinking-driving and the laws we make to inhibit it tells us more about our moral order than about the effects of drinking-driving itself. Many will object to this conclusion, but none can ignore it. Indeed, the book will put many scientific and legal experts on the defensive as they face Gusfield's massive erudition, pointed analysis and criticism, and powerful argumentation. In The Culture of Public Problems, Gusfield presents the experts, and us, with a masterpiece of sociological reasoning."-Barry Schwartz, "American Journal of Sociology" This book is truly an outstanding achievement. . . . It is sociology of science, sociology of law, sociology of deviance, and sociology of knowledge. Sociologists generally should find the book of great theoretical interest, and it should stimulate personal reflection on their assumptions about science and the kind of consciousness it creates. They will also find that the book is a delight to read."-William B. Bankston, "Social Forces"

908 citations

01 Jan 1995

655 citations

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